Eye

(Heb. 'ain, meaning "flowing"), applied (1) to a fountain, frequently; (2) to colour ( Numbers 11:7 ; RSV, "appearance," marg. "eye"); (3) the face ( Exodus 10:5 Exodus 10:15 ; Numbers 22:5 Numbers 22:11 ), in Numbers 14:14 , "face to face" (RSV marg., "eye to eye"). "Between the eyes", i.e., the forehead ( Exodus 13:9 Exodus 13:16 ).

The expression ( Proverbs 23:31 ), "when it giveth his colour in the cup," is literally, "when it giveth out [or showeth] its eye." The beads or bubbles of wine are thus spoken of. "To set the eyes" on any one is to view him with favour ( Genesis 44:21 ; Job 24:23 ; Jeremiah 39:12 ). This word is used figuratively in the expressions an "evil eye" ( Matthew 20:15 ), a "bountiful eye" ( Proverbs 22:9 ), "haughty eyes" ( (6:17 marg.), "wanton eyes" ( Isaiah 3:16 ), "eyes full of adultery" ( 2 Peter 2:14 ), "the lust of the eyes" ( 1 John 2:16 ). Christians are warned against "eye-service" ( Ephesians 6:6 ; Colossians 3:22 ). Men were sometimes punished by having their eyes put out ( 1 Samuel 11:2 ; Samson, Judges 16:21 ; Zedekiah, 2 Kings 25:7 ).

The custom of painting the eyes is alluded to in 2 Kings 9:30 , RSV; Jeremiah 4:30 ; Ezekiel 23:40 , a custom which still prevails extensively among Eastern women.

(The practice of painting the eyelids to make the eyes look large, lustrous and languishing is often alluded to in the Old Testament, and still extensively prevails among the women of the East, and especially among the Mohammedans. Jezebel, in ( 2 Kings 9:30 ) is said to have prepared for her meeting with Jehu by painting her face, or, as it reads in the margin, "put her eyes in paint." See also ( Ezekiel 23:40 ) A small probe of wood, ivory or silver is wet with rose-water and dipped in an impalpable black powder, and is then drawn between the lids of the eye nearly closed, and leaves a narrow black border, which is though a great ornament. --ED.)

EYE

i (`ayin; ophthalmos):

(1) The physical organ of sight, "the lamp of the body" (Matthew 6:22), one of the chief channels of information for man. A cruel custom therefore sanctioned among heathen nations the putting out of the eyes of an enemy or a rival, because thus his power was most effectually shattered (Judges 16:21; 2 Kings 25:7; Jeremiah 39:7). Such blinding or putting out of the "right eye" was also considered a deep humiliation, as it robbed the victim of his beauty, and made him unfit to take his part in war (1 Samuel 11:2; Zechariah 11:17).

The eye, to be useful, was to be "single," i.e. not giving a double or uncertain vision (Matthew 6:22; Luke 11:34). Eyes may grow dim with sorrow and tears (Job 17:7), they may "waste away with griefs" (Psalms 6:7; 31:9; 88:9). They may "pour down" (Lamentations 3:49), "run down with water" (Lamentations 1:16; 3:48). Eyes may "wink" in derision (Psalms 35:19; Proverbs 6:13; 10:10; compare also Proverbs 16:30; 30:17), and the harlot takes the lustling "with her eyelids" (Proverbs 6:25). To `lift up the eyes' (Genesis 13:10 et passim) means to look up or around for information and often for help; to `turn away the eye' or `hide the eyes' indicates carelessness and lack of sympathy (Proverbs 28:27); to `cast about the eyes,' so that they "are in the ends of the earth" (Proverbs 17:24) is synonymous with the silly curiosity of a fool, and with the lack of attention of him who is everywhere but at his work. In the execution of justice the "eye shall not pity," i.e. not be deflected from the dictates of the law by favorable or unfavorable impressions (Deuteronomy 19:13 et passim), nor spare (Ezekiel 5:11 et passim), and the lexicon talionis demanded "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot" (Exodus 21:24; Deuteronomy 19:21).

(2) Figurative:

The eye of the heart or mind, the organ of spiritual perception, which may be enlightened or opened (Psalms 119:18). This is done by the law of God (19:8) or by the spirit of God (Ephesians 1:18), or it may be "darkened" and "holden" (Luke 24:16; compare Matthew 13:13; 2 Corinthians 4:4).

(3) The eye as an index of the mind and disposition of man. The Bible speaks of the "good" margin, or "bountiful" eye, i.e. the kindly, disposition (Proverbs 22:9); of "proud", "haughty", "lofty eyes" (Psalms 18:27; 131:1; Proverbs 6:17); of the "lowly eyes" of the humble (Job 22:29 margin; compare also Luke 18:13); of "adulterous eyes", "eyes which play the harlot" (Ezekiel 6:9, in the sense of idolatrous inclinations; 2 Peter 2:14). Rage or anger is shown by the "sharpening" of the eyes (Job 16:9).

(4) The eyes of God, as well as the "seven eyes" of the Lamb (Revelation 5:6) and the `many eyes' of the four living creatures of the Apocalypse (Revelation 4:6; also Ezekiel 1:18; 10:12) are figurative expressions for the omniscience of God (compare Hebrews 4:13; Psalms 139:16) and of His watchfulness and loving care (Jeremiah 32:19). As the human eye may, with the slightest glance or motion, give an indication, a command, so God is able to "guide" or "counsel" His obedient child "with his eye" (Psalms 32:8).

(5) Three Hebrew expressions are translated by "apple of the eye":

(a) 'ishon, literally, "the little man," which probably means the "pupil of the eye," it being the part of the eye in which the close onlooker may see his image reflected en miniature. Several oriental languages have very similar expressions (Deuteronomy 32:10; Psalms 17:8; Proverbs 7:2).

(b) babhah, literally, "the gate of the eye" (Zechariah 2:8).

(c) bath-`ayin, literally, "the daughter of the eye" (Psalms 17:8; Lamentations 2:18).

All these three phrases seem to indicate the pupil rather than the "apple of the eye," and designate the most sensitive part of the eye, which we protect with the greatest care. Thus the Scriptures declare, for our great comfort, that God will protect and care for those that are His own.

To eye (`awan, "to watch closely," "to look maliciously at"):

"Saul eyed David from that day and forward" (1 Samuel 18:9).

See ENVY; EVIL EYE.

H. L. E. Luering