Exodus 20

The Ten Commandments

1 ¹And ²God spoke all these words, saying,

2 ³"I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.

3 ⁴"You shall have no other gods before^[a] me.

4 ⁵"You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.

5 ⁶You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the LORD your God am ⁷a jealous God, ⁸visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me,

6 but showing steadfast love to thousands^[b] of those who love me and keep my commandments.

7 ⁹"You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain, for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.

8 ¹⁰"Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.

9 ¹¹Six days you shall labor, and do all your work,

10 but the ¹²seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your male servant, or your female servant, or your livestock, or the ¹³sojourner who is within your gates.

11 For ¹⁴in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.

12 ¹⁵"Honor your father and your mother, ¹⁶that your days may be long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you.

13 ¹⁷"You shall not murder.^[c]

14 ¹⁸"You shall not commit adultery.

15 ¹⁹"You shall not steal.

16 ²⁰"You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.

17 ²¹"You shall not covet ²²your neighbor's house; ²³you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male servant, or his female servant, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbor's."

18 Now when all the people saw ²⁴the thunder and the flashes of lightning and the sound of the trumpet and the mountain smoking, the people were afraid^[d] and trembled, and they stood far off

19 and said to Moses, ²⁵"You speak to us, and we will listen; but do not let God speak to us, lest we die."

20 ²⁶Moses said to the people, "Do not fear, for God has come to ²⁷test you, that the fear of him may be before you, that you may not sin."

21 The people stood far off, while Moses drew near to the ²⁸thick darkness where God was.

Laws About Altars

22 And the LORD said to Moses, "Thus you shall say to the people of Israel: 'You have seen for yourselves that I have ²⁹talked with you from heaven.

23 ³⁰You shall not make gods of silver to be with me, nor shall you make for yourselves gods of gold.

24 An altar of earth you shall make for me and sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and your peace offerings, your sheep and your oxen. ³¹In every place where I cause my name to be remembered I will come to you and ³²bless you.

25 ³³If you make me an altar of stone, ³⁴you shall not build it of hewn stones, for if you wield your tool on it you profane it.

26 And you shall not go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness be not exposed on it.'

Exodus 20 Commentary

Chapter 20

The preface to the ten commandments. (1,2) The commandments of the first table. (3-11) Of the second table. (12-17) The fear of the people. (18-21) Idolatry again forbidden. (22-26)

Verses 1-2 God speaks many ways to the children of men; by conscience, by providences, by his voice, to all which we ought carefully to attend; but he never spake at any time so as he spake the TEN COMMANDMENTS. This law God had given to man before; it was written in his heart; but sin so defaced it, that it was necessary to revive the knowledge of it. The law is spiritual, and takes knowledge of the secret thoughts, desires, and dispositions of the heart. Its grand demand is love, without which outward obedience is mere hypocrisy. It requires perfect, unfailing, constant obedience; no law in the world admits disobedience to itself. Whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all, ( James 2:10 ) . Whether in the heart or the conduct, in thought, word, or deed, to omit or to vary any thing, is sin, and the wages of sin is death.

Verses 3-11 The first four of the ten commandments, commonly called the FIRST table, tell our duty to God. It was fit that those should be put first, because man had a Maker to love, before he had a neighbour to love. It cannot be expected that he should be true to his brother, who is false to his God. The first commandment concerns the object of worship, JEHOVAH, and him only. The worship of creatures is here forbidden. Whatever comes short of perfect love, gratitude, reverence, or worship, breaks this commandment. Whatsoever ye do, do all the glory of God. The second commandment refers to the worship we are to render to the Lord our God. It is forbidden to make any image or picture of the Deity, in any form, or for any purpose; or to worship any creature, image, or picture. But the spiritual import of this command extends much further. All kinds of superstition are here forbidden, and the using of mere human inventions in the worship of God. The third commandment concerns the manner of worship, that it be with all possible reverence and seriousness. All false oaths are forbidden. All light appealing to God, all profane cursing, is a horrid breach of this command. It matters not whether the word of God, or sacred things, all such-like things break this commandment, and there is no profit, honour, or pleasure in them. The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. The form of the fourth commandment, "Remember," shows that it was not now first given, but was known by the people before. One day in seven is to be kept holy. Six days are allotted to worldly business, but not so as to neglect the service of God, and the care of our souls. On those days we must do all our work, and leave none to be done on the sabbath day. Christ allowed works of necessity, charity, and piety; for the sabbath was made for man, and not man for the sabbath, Mr. 2:27 ; but all works of luxury, vanity, or self-indulgence in any form, are forbidden. Trading, paying wages, settling accounts, writing letters of business, worldly studies, trifling visits, journeys, or light conversation, are not keeping this day holy to the Lord. Sloth and indolence may be a carnal, but not a holy rest. The sabbath of the Lord should be a day of rest from worldly labour, and a rest in the service of God. The advantages from the due keeping of this holy day, were it only to the health and happiness of mankind, with the time it affords for taking care of the soul, show the excellency of this commandment. The day is blessed; men are blessed by it, and in it. The blessing and direction to keep holy are not limited to the seventh day, but are spoken of the sabbath day.

Verses 12-17 The laws of the SECOND table, that is, the last six of the ten commandments, state our duty to ourselves and to one another, and explain the great commandment, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself, ( Luke 10:27 ) . Godliness and honesty must go together. The fifth commandment concerns the duties we owe to our relations. Honour thy father and thy mother, includes esteem of them, shown in our conduct; obedience to their lawful commands; come when they call you, go where they send you, do what they bid you, refrain from what they forbid you; and this, as children, cheerfully, and from a principle of love. Also submission to their counsels and corrections. Endeavouring, in every thing, to comfort parents, and to make their old age easy; maintaining them if they need support, which our Saviour makes to be particularly intended in this commandment, ( Matthew 15:4-6 ) . Careful observers have noted a peculiar blessing in temporal things on obedient, and the reverse on disobedient children. The sixth commandment requires that we regard the life and the safety of others as we do our own. Magistrates and their officers, and witnesses testifying the truth, do not break this command. Self-defence is lawful; but much which is not deemed murder by the laws of man, is such before God. Furious passions, stirred up by anger or by drunkenness, are no excuse: more guilty is murder in duels, which is a horrible effect of a haughty, revengeful spirit. All fighting, whether for wages, for renown, or out of anger and malice, breaks this command, and the bloodshed therein is murder. To tempt men to vice and crimes which shorten life, may be included. Misconduct, such as may break the heart, or shorten the lives of parents, wives, or other relatives, is a breach of this command. This command forbids all envy, malice, hatred, or anger, all provoking or insulting language. The destruction of our own lives is here forbidden. This commandment requires a spirit of kindness, longsuffering, and forgiveness. The seventh commandment concerns chastity. We should be as much afraid of that which defiles the body, as of that which destroys it. Whatever tends to pollute the imagination, or to raise the passions, falls under this law, as impure pictures, books, conversation, or any other like matters. The eighth commandment is the law of love as it respects the property of others. The portion of worldly things allotted us, as far as it is obtained in an honest way, is the bread which God hath given us; for that we ought to be thankful, to be contented with it, and, in the use of lawful means, to trust Providence for the future. Imposing upon the ignorance, easiness, or necessity of others, and many other things, break God's law, though scarcely blamed in society. Plunderers of kingdoms though above human justice, will be included in this sentence. Defrauding the public, contracting debts without prospect of paying them, or evading payment of just debts, extravagance, all living upon charity when not needful, all squeezing the poor in their wages; these, and such things, break this command; which requires industry, frugality, and content, and to do to others, about worldly property, as we would they should do to us. The ninth commandment concerns our own and our neighbour's good name. This forbids speaking falsely on any matter, lying, equivocating, and any way devising or designing to deceive our neighbour. Speaking unjustly against our neighbour, to hurt his reputation. Bearing false witness against him, or in common conversation slandering, backbiting, and tale-bearing; making what is done amiss, worse than it is, and in any way endeavouring to raise our reputation upon the ruin of our neighbour's. How much this command is every day broken among persons of all ranks! The tenth commandment strikes at the root; Thou shalt not covet. The others forbid all desire of doing what will be an injury to our neighbour; this forbids all wrong desire of having what will gratify ourselves.

Verses 18-21 This law, which is so extensive that we cannot measure it, so spiritual that we cannot evade it, and so reasonable that we cannot find fault with it, will be the rule of the future judgment of God, as it is for the present conduct of man. If tried by this rule, we shall find our lives have been passed in transgressions. And with this holy law and an awful judgment before us, who can despise the gospel of Christ? And the knowledge of the law shows our need of repentance. In every believer's heart sin is dethroned and crucified, the law of God is written, and the image of God renewed. The Holy Spirit enables him to hate sin and flee from it, to love and keep this law in sincerity and truth; nor will he cease to repent.

Verses 22-26 Moses having entered into the thick darkness, God there spake in his hearing all that follows from hence to the end of chap. 23, which is mostly an exposition of the ten commandments. The laws in these verses relate to God's worship. The Israelites are assured of God's gracious acceptance of their devotions. Under the gospel, men are encouraged to pray every where, and wherever God's people meet in his name to worship him, he will be in the midst of them; there he will come unto them, and will bless them.

Cross References

• 1. For ver. 1-17, see Deuteronomy 5:6-21
• 2. Deuteronomy 5:22
• 3. Leviticus 26:13; Psalms 81:10; Hosea 13:4
• 4. 2 Kings 17:35; Jeremiah 25:6; Jeremiah 35:15
• 5. Leviticus 26:1; Deuteronomy 27:15; Psalms 97:7; [Acts 17:29]
• 6. Exodus 23:24; Joshua 23:7
• 7. Exodus 34:14; Deuteronomy 4:24; Deuteronomy 6:15; Joshua 24:19; Nahum 1:2
• 8. Exodus 34:7; Numbers 14:18; [Psalms 79:8; Psalms 109:14; Isaiah 65:6, 7; Jeremiah 32:18]
• 9. Leviticus 19:12; [Matthew 5:34, 35; James 5:12]
• 10. Leviticus 19:3, 30; Leviticus 26:2; See Exodus 31:13-17
• 11. Exodus 23:12; Exodus 34:21; Exodus 35:2; Leviticus 23:3; Luke 13:14
• 12. Exodus 16:26; Exodus 31:15; Genesis 2:2, 3; Ezekiel 20:12; See Numbers 15:32-36
• 13. See Nehemiah 13:16-19
• 14. See Gen. 1:1 - 2:3
• 15. Leviticus 19:3; Cited Matthew 15:4; Matthew 19:19; Mark 7:10; Mark 10:19; Luke 18:20; Ephesians 6:2; [Jeremiah 35:18, 19]
• 16. Ephesians 6:3
• 17. Cited Matthew 5:21; Matthew 19:18; Romans 13:9; [Genesis 9:5, 6; 1 John 3:15]
• 18. Leviticus 18:20; Deuteronomy 22:22; Proverbs 6:32; 1 Corinthians 6:9; Hebrews 13:4; Cited Matthew 5:27; Romans 13:9
• 19. Leviticus 19:11; Ephesians 4:28; Cited Matthew 19:18; Romans 13:9
• 20. Exodus 23:1; Proverbs 19:5, 9; Proverbs 21:28; Proverbs 24:28; Proverbs 25:18; Cited Matthew 19:18; See Deuteronomy 19:16-20
• 21. Luke 12:15; Ephesians 5:3, 5; Cited Romans 7:7; Romans 13:9; [Colossians 3:5; Hebrews 13:5]
• 22. Micah 2:2
• 23. Jeremiah 5:8; Matthew 5:28
• 24. Hebrews 12:18
• 25. Deuteronomy 5:25, 27; Deuteronomy 18:16; Galatians 3:19, 20; Hebrews 12:19
• 26. [1 Samuel 12:20]
• 27. [Genesis 22:1]; Deuteronomy 13:3
• 28. Deuteronomy 4:11; 2 Samuel 22:10; 1 Kings 8:12; Psalms 18:9; Psalms 97:2
• 29. Deuteronomy 4:36; Nehemiah 9:13; Hebrews 12:25
• 30. [Exodus 32:31; 2 Kings 17:33; Ezekiel 20:39; Zephaniah 1:5]
• 31. Deuteronomy 12:5, 11; Deuteronomy 14:23; Deuteronomy 16:6, 11; Deuteronomy 26:2; 1 Kings 8:29; 1 Kings 9:3; 2 Chronicles 6:6; 2 Chronicles 7:16; 2 Chronicles 12:13; Ezra 6:12; Nehemiah 1:9; Psalms 74:7; Jeremiah 7:10, 12
• 32. Deuteronomy 7:13
• 33. Deuteronomy 27:5; Joshua 8:31
• 34. [1 Kings 5:17; 1 Chronicles 22:2]

Footnotes

• [a]. Or besides
• [b]. Or to the thousandth generation
• [c]. The Hebrew word also covers causing human death through carelessness or negligence
• [d]. Samaritan, Septuagint, Syriac, Vulgate; Masoretic Text the people saw

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO EXODUS 20

In this chapter we have an account of the giving of the law on Mount Sinai; the preface to it, Ex 20:1,2, the ten commandments it consists of, Ex 20:8-17, the circumstances attending it, which caused the people to remove at some distance, Ex 20:18, when they desired of Moses, that he would speak to them and not God, who bid them not fear, since this was for the trial of them; but still they kept at a distance, while Moses drew nigh to God, Ex 20:19-21 who ordered him to caution the children of Israel against idolatry, and directed what sort of an altar he would have made whereon to offer their sacrifices, promising that where his name was recorded he would grant his presence and blessing, Ex 20:22-26.