After the flesh (
kata sarka). The literal Israel, the Jewish people, not the spiritual Israel (
Israhl kata pneuma) composed of both Jews and Gentiles, the true children of faith (
Romans 2:28 ;
Romans 9:8 ;
Galatians 3:7 ).
Communion with the altar (
koinwnoi tou qusiasthriou). Same idea in
koinwnoi participators in, partners in, sharers in (with objective genitive). The word
qusiasthrion is from late verb
qusiazw, to offer sacrifice, and that from
qusia, sacrifice, and that from
quw, common verb to slay, to sacrifice (verse
Galatians 20 ). The Israelites who offer sacrifices have a spiritual participation in the altar.