Matthew 11

11:2  Now when John heard in the prison¹ the works of the Christ, he sent by his disciples

THE BAPTIST'S INQUIRY AND JESUS' DISCOURSE SUGGESTED THEREBY. (Galilee.) Matthew 11:2-30 ; Luke 7:18-35
1. In the prison. John had been cast into prison about December, A.D. 27, and it was now after the Passover, possibly in May or June, A.D.Herod Antipas had cast John into prison because John had reprovedhim for taking his brother's wife ( Matthew 14:3 ; Mark 6:17 ). According toJosephus, the place of John's imprisonment, and death was the castle ofMachaerus (or Makor), east of the Dead Sea (Ant. 18; 5:1,2). It wasbuilt by Herod the Great, and was not very far from that part of theJordan in which John had baptized, so that it is probable that Herodresided in this castle when he went to hear John preach ( Matthew 14:4 ( Mark 6:20 ), and this fact coupled with the statement that John calledtwo of his disciples to him, suggests that John must have been held asan honored prisoner with liberties like those accorded Paul at Caesarea( Acts 24:23 ).

11:3  and said unto him, Art thou he that cometh, or look we for another¹?

1. Art thou he that cometh, or look we for another? The prophets spoke of the Messiah as the coming one, and John himself had done likewise( Matthew 3:11 ). This passage has been a puzzle to expositors from the veryearliest times. Being unable to understand how the Baptist, being aninspired prophet and favored with visions of the supernatural, couldgive way to skeptical doubts, they have exhausted their inventivegenius to explain what John meant by his question. Among these manyexplanations the best is that given by Alford, viz.: that John wishesto get Jesus to publicly declare himself for the sake of quieting allrumors concerning him, his fault being kindred to that of Jesus' motherwhen she tried to hasten Jesus' hour at the wedding of Cana ( John 2:4 ).But the plain, unmistakable inference of the text is that John's faithwavered. The Bible does not represent the saints as free fromimperfection. It does not say that inspiration is omniscience, or thatvisions and miracles remove doubts. It took two miracles to persuadeGideon ( Judges 6:36-40 ); Moses harbored distrust ( Exodus 3:11-13 Exodus 4:1-17 ), and was guilty of unbelief ( Numbers 20:12 ); Elijahdespaired of God's power ( 1 Kings 19:4-10) ; Jeremiah was slow ofbelief, and in his despondency cursed the day of his birth( Jeremiah 20:7 Jeremiah 20:14-18 ). But the most instructive parallel is that of SimonPeter. He witnessed the transfiguration of Jesus, beheld the glory ofGod, and heard the voice of the Father ( Matthew 17:1-6 ); yet he sank belowthe Baptist, and denied the Lord with cursing; and no man has everthought it at all incredible that he should do so. The trial of John'sfaith, though not so clearly depicted as that of Peter, was perhapsequally searching. His wild, free life was now curbed by the irksometedium of confinement. His expectations were not fulfilled. Theunfruitful trees had not been cut down, the grain had not beenwinnowed, nor the chaff burned, nor should he see any visible tendencytoward these results. Moreover, he held no communion with the privatelife of Jesus, and entered not into the sanctuary of his Lord'sthought. We must remember also that his inspiration passed away withthe ministry, on account of which it was bestowed, and it was only "theman John", and not the prophet, who made the inquiry. The inquiryitself, too, should be noted. It is not, Are you what I declared you tobe? but, Being all of that, are you "the" one who should come, or mustwe look for "another"? John no doubt shared with all Jews the idea thatMessiah was to set up an earthly kingdom, and seeing in Jesus none ofthe spirit of such a king, he seems to have questioned whether Jesuswas to be the finality, or whether he was to be, like himself, aforerunner, preparing the way for the ultimate Messiah. He did notgrasp the thought that Jesus was both Alpha and Omega; that Jesus, thelowly servant of humanity, by service and sacrifice is evermorepreparing the way for Jesus the King.

11:4  And Jesus answered and said unto them¹, Go and tell John the things which ye hear and see²:

1. And Jesus answered and said unto them. John himself, when thus questioned, had answered plainly, saying, "No" ( John 1:20 John 1:21 ), andhe probably expected a like categorical answer from Jesus.

2. Go and tell John the things which ye hear and see. The indirect answer of Jesus, ending with a beatitude, was well calculated to wakenin John beneficial thoughtfulness, for it threw his mind back upon theprophecies of God, such as Isaiah 30:5 Isaiah 30:6 ; Isaiah 42:7 ; Isaiah 41:1-3 .

11:5  the blind receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, and the dead are raised up, and the poor have good tidings preached to them¹.

1. And the poor have good tidings preached to them. Jesus sums up his work in the form of a climax, wherein preaching the gospel to the poorstands superior even to the raising of the dead. Attention to the poorhas always been a distinctive feature of Christianity. To care for thepoor is above miracles. Modern Orientals are not impressed by themiracles of the New Testament as such. The sacred literature of Indiaand China abounds in wonders, and with the people of these lands amiracle is little more than a commonplace. With them Christ's love forthe lowly is above the miracles. Beecher says,

   "Wonders and miracles might be counterfeited, but a sympathy with the suffering and helpless, so tender, so laborious, so long continued, was not likely to be simulated. Such humanity was unworldly and divine."

11:6  And blessed is he, whosoever shall find no occasion of stumbling in me¹.

1. And blessed is he, whosoever shall find no occasion of stumbling in me. The scribes had stumbled and failed to believe in Jesus because hedid not fulfill their ideal, or come up to their expectations. Jesusseeks to woo John from a like fate by the sweet persuasion of abeatitude. John must realize that it is better for the subject to fallin with the plans of the all-wise King, as he fulfills the predictionsof God the Father, than for the King to turn aside and frustrate theplan of the ages to humor the passing whim of a despondent and finitemind.

11:7  And as these went their way¹, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John², What went ye out into the wilderness to behold³? a reed shaken with the wind⁴?

1. And as these went their way. See Luke 7:24 .

2. Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John. The commendation of Jesus which follows was not spoken in the presence ofJohn's messengers. It was best that John should not hear it. We also doour work under the silent heavens and wait for the future plaudit,"Well done, good and faithful servant" ( Matthew 25:21 Matthew 25:23 ).

3. What went ye out into the wilderness to behold? After the departure of John's messengers Jesus immediately clears the character of John ofunjust suspicion. John, who had testified with such confidence as tothe office and character of Jesus, now comes with a question betrayinga doubtful mind and wavering faith.

4. A reed shaken with the wind? Was John a vacillating man? Was he guilty of that lack of steadfastness which the world looks upon asintolerable in all who it esteems great? Was he blown about by everywind of public opinion like the tall reed (the "Arunda donax") whichskirts the Jordan, and which stands, bearing its beautiful blossomingtop twelve feet high one moment, only to bow it to earth the next, theslender stem yielding submissively to the passing breeze? John was noreed, but was rather, as Lange says,

   "a cedar half uprooted by the storm."

11:8  But what went ye out to see? a man clothed in soft [raiment]? Behold, they that wear soft [raiment] are in king's houses.

1. But what went ye out to see? a man clothed in soft [raiment]? Was he a voluptuary about to condescend to flatter Herod and retract hisreproof, that he might exchange his prison for a palace? Those who hadgone to the wilderness to see John had found no such man, and John wasstill the John of old. One act does not make a character, one doubtdoes not unmake it.

11:9  But wherefore went ye out? to see a prophet? Yea, I say unto you, and much more than a prophet.

1. But wherefore went ye out? to see a prophet? Yea, I say unto you,
2. and much more than a prophet. Matthew 11:10 shows us that John was a messenger as well as a prophet. Prophets foretold the Messiah, but Johnwas the herald who announce him. John was miraculously born, and washimself the subject of prophecy. Great as was John in popularestimation, that estimation was insufficient.

11:10  This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, Who shall prepare thy way before thee¹.

1. This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, Who shall prepare thy way before thee. This quotationis taken from Malachi 3:1 , where it reads "my messenger . . . beforeme". But Matthew concurs with Mark ( Mark 1:2 ) and Luke ( Luke 7:27 )in the reading given here. From the change in the words it appears, asHammond says,

   "that Christ is one with God the Father, and that the coming of Christ is the coming of God."

11:11  Verily I say unto you, Among them that are born of women there hath not arisen a greater than John the Baptist¹: yet he that is but little in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he².

1. Among them that are born of women there hath not arisen a greater than John the Baptist. We find from this passage that all truegreatness arises from association, relation, and contact with JesusChrist. To be Christ's forerunner is to be above teacher and prophet,Levite and priest, lawgiver and king, and all else that the worldestimates as great. If all greatness be thus measured by contact ofChrist, how great must Christ be!

2. Yet he that is but little in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he. But the least in the kingdom is greater then John. B.W. Johnsonsays,

   "This shows: (1) That John was not in the kingdom of God. (2) That, as none greater than John has been born of women, no one had yet entered the kingdom. (3) That, therefore, it had not yet been set up, but as John himself, Jesus, and the Twelve under the first commission, preached, was "at hand". (4) All in the kingdom, even the humblest, have a superior station to John, because they have superior privileges."

   Farrar reminds us of the old legal maxim which says,

   "The least of the greatest is greater than the greatest of the least,"

   which is as much as to say that the smallest diamond is of moreprecious substance than the largest flint. The least born of the HolySpirit ( John 1:12 John 1:13 ; John 3:5 ) is greater than the greatest born ofwomen. They are greater in station, privilege, and knowledge. Thedispensations rise like lofty steps, and the lowest that stand upon theNew Testament dispensation are lifted above the tallest who rest upon thedispensation of Moses. This is perhaps prophetically suggested byZechariah ( Zechariah 12:8 ).

11:12  And from the days of John the Baptist until now¹ the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence², and men of violence take it by force³.

1. From the days of John the Baptist until now. A period of about three years.

2. The kingdom of heaven suffereth violence. Jesus here pictures the kingdom of heaven as a besieged city. The city is shut up, but theenemies which surround it storm its walls and try to force an entrance--an apt illustration which many fail to comprehend. The gates ofChrist's kingdom were not opened until the day of Pentecost( Acts 2:22-36 ).

3. And men of violence take it by force. But men hearing it was about to be opened sought to enter prematurely, not by the gates which Godwould open when Simon Peter used the keys ( Matthew 16:19 ), but by suchbreaches as they themselves sought to make in the walls. Examples ofthis violence will be seen in the following instances: Matthew 20:21 Luke 19:11 Luke 19:36-38 ; Luke 22:24-30 ; John 6:15 . The people were full of preconceivedideas with regard to the kingdom, and each one sought to hasten andenjoy its pleasures as one who impatiently seizes upon a bud and seekswith his fingers to force it to bloom. The context shows that John theBaptist was even then seeking to force the kingdom.

11:13  For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John¹.

1. For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John. The Old Testament was the work of a long series of prophets, and this serieswas closed by John the Baptist. But John differed from all the othersin the series; for they prophesied concerning the kingdom, while Johnturned from their course to preach that the kingdom was at hand, andthereby incidentally brought upon it the assaults of violence.

11:14  And if ye are willing to receive [it,] this is Elijah, that is to come¹.

1. This is Elijah, that is to come. As to John the Baptist being the prophetic Elijah, see John 1:21.

11:15  He that hath ears to hear, let him hear¹.

1. He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. See Mark 4:9.

11:16  But whereunto shall I liken this generation? It is like unto children sitting in the marketplaces¹, who call unto their fellows²

1. It is like unto children sitting in the marketplaces. Oriental marketplaces were open squares where men transacted business and wherechildren held their sports. We should observe that with all the caresof his great mission upon him, the great heart of our Lord took note ofthe sports of children.

2. Who call unto their fellows. Jesus here pictures two groups of little ones, one of which wishes to play, the other of which is sullenand intractable. The mirthful group first seeks to play a wedding game.They pipe and dance, but the sullen group sits unmoved. Notdisheartened by failure to succeed, the mirthful ones try their handagain and hope for better luck by playing funeral. But this also fails,causing them to lift up their voices in questioning remonstrance.

11:17  and say, We piped unto you, and ye did not dance; we wailed, and ye did not mourn¹.

1. We piped unto you, and ye did not dance; we wailed, and ye did not mourn. Singular enough, the authorities are about equally divided asto what parties this picture represents. Some say that the dancers andmourners are the Jewish rulers, and that Jesus and John refused tocomply with their wishes. The grammatical construction rather favorsthis view, if we say that "men of this generation" are "like childrenwho call" ( Matthew 11:16 ). But such grammatical constructions are notreliable in interpreting Oriental imagery. Jesus means that the men ofthis generation are like the "entire picture" presented and does notintend that they shall be taken as the subjects of the leading verbs ofthe sentence. A parallel instance will be found in Matthew 13:24-43 . Inwho sowed good seed in his field"; but in Matthew 13:37 he says "Hethat soweth the good seed is the Son of man", thus making the kingdomof heaven like the entire parabolic picture, and not the mere subjectof its leading verb. Others say that John came mourning and Jesuspiping, and that the Jews were satisfied with neither. This was theolder view, and had not expositors been confused by the grammaticaldifficulties above mentioned, it would never have been questioned. Forthe context favors it, and the whole trend of Scripture demands it. Itwas God in his messengers--his prophets and his Son--who came to setthe world right. It was these messengers who took the initiative andwho demanded the changes. It was the people who sulked and refused tocomply with the divine overtures. The whole tenor of Christ's teaching--the parables of the supper, etc.--represents the Jews as beinginvited and refusing the invitation. It was John and Jesus who preachedrepentance, but there was no instance where any called on them torepent. Jerusalem never wept over an intractable Jesus, but Jesus weptover the people of Jerusalem because they "would not" ( Matthew 23:37 ).

11:18  For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, He hath a demon¹.

Matthew 11:18 Matthew 11:19
1. For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, He hath a demon. Jesus and John each besought the people to prepare for thekingdom of God, but the people sneered at one as too strict and at theother as too lenient, and would be won by neither. To justify them inrejecting God's counsel, they asserted that John's conduct wasdemoniacal and that of Jesus was criminal, thus slandering each. Butthe lives or works of Jesus and John were both directed by the wisdomof God, and all those who were truly wise toward God--children ofwisdom (see Luke 7:29)--justified or approved of God's coursein sending such messengers.

11:20  Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty works were done¹, because they repented not.

1. The cities wherein most of his mighty works were done. That is to say, those cities which were especially favored. It does not mean thatmore miracles were worked in them than in "all" the other cities; butthat more were done in "each" of these than in "any" other.

11:21  Woe¹ unto thee, Chorazin²! woe unto thee, Bethsaida³! for if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon⁵ which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth⁶ and ashes⁷.

1. Woe. Rather, "Alas for thee"! an exclamation of pity more than anger.

2. Chorazin. Jerome says that Chorazin was two, and Eusebius (probably through the error of his transcriber) says it was twelve miles fromCapernaum. Its site is identified by the Exploration Fund with themodern Kerazeh, at the northwest end of the lake, two miles from TellHum (Capernaum). Its site is marked by extensive ruins, including thefoundations of a synagogue, columns, and walls of buildings.

3. Bethsaida was probably a suburb of Capernaum.

4. If the mighty works . . . which were done in you. We have no record of a miracle wrought at Chorazin, nor of one wrought at Bethsaidaeither, unless the miracles wrought at Simon's house ( Matthew 8:14-17 )were in Bethsaida.

5. Tyre and Sidon were neighboring Phoenician cities on the Mediterranean coast and were noted for their luxury and impiety. Thiscomparison between the pagan cities on the seacoast and the Galileancities by the lake no doubt sounded strange to Jesus' disciples, but inthe years which followed, Tyre and Sidon received the gospel( Acts 21:3 ; Acts 27:3 ), and Tyre became a Christian city, while Tiberias,just south of Capernaum, became the seat of Jewish Talmudism.

6. Sackcloth was a coarse fabric woven of goat's or camel's hair, and was worn by those who mourned. It was called sackcloth because, beingstrong and durable, it was used for making the large sacks in whichrough articles were carried on the backs of camels. Such sacks arestill so used.

7. Ashes were put upon the head and face as additional symbols of grief. Jesus here uses these symbolic words to indicate that thesecities would have repented thoroughly.

   11:21 Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida!they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.

11:22  But I say unto you¹, it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon² in the day of judgment than for you.

Matthew 11:22-24
1. But I say unto you, etc. Several great truths are taught in this paragraph. We note the following: (1) Every hearer of the gospel isleft either much more blessed or much more wretched. (2) That themiracles which Jesus wrought were calculated to lead men to repentance,for they demonstrated his authority to demand that man should repent.(3) That even among those who stand condemned at the judgment there isa difference, and that it shall be more tolerable for some than forothers. (4) That God takes account of our opportunities when he come tomeasure our guiltiness ( Matthew 5:21 Matthew 5:22 ; Matthew 10:15 ; Luke 11:47 Luke 11:48 ; John 9:41 ; John 15:22-24 Romans 2:12 ).

2. Tyre and Sidon. See Matthew 11:21.

11:23  And thou, Capernaum, shalt thou be exalted unto heaven¹? thou shalt go down unto Hades²: for if the mighty works had been done in Sodom which were done in thee, it would have remained until this day.

1. And thou, Capernaum, shalt thou be exalted unto heaven? Capernaum was the most favored spot on earth, for Jesus made it his home. Hetherefore speaks of it figuratively as being exalted to heaven.

2. Thou shalt go down unto Hades. "Hades" means the abode of the dead. It stands in figurative contrast to heaven and indicates that Capernaumshall be brought to utter ruin. Though Jesus was not displeased withthe walls and houses, but with those who dwelt in them, yet theuncertain sites of these cities are marked only by ruins, and presentto the traveler who searches among rank weeds for their weather-wornstones the tokens of God's displeasure against the people who oncedwelt there. In less than thirty years these three cities weredestroyed. Sin destroys cities and nations, and permanent temporalprosperity depends upon righteousness.

11:24  But I say unto you that it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for thee¹.

1. It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for thee. The history of the destruction of Sodom inthe time of Abraham is well known. As it was one of the oldest citiesof any great importance in Palestine ( Numbers 13:22 ), this reference toits remaining is the more striking, showing that its destruction didnot come from the mere operation of natural law, but as a divinepunishment meted upon it for its sins--a punishment which might havebeen avoided by repentance ( Jonah 3:10 ). There is hope for the greatestsinner if Sodom might thus escape.

11:25  At that season¹ Jesus answered and said², I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou didst hide these things from the wise and understanding³, and didst reveal them unto babes⁴:

1. At that season. While these thoughts of judgment were in his mind.

2. Jesus answered and said. Replying to the thoughts raised by this discouraging situation--this rejection.

3. That thou didst hide these things from the wise and understanding. The selfish and shrewd; the scribes and Pharisees, wise in their ownconceit ( John 9:40 John 9:41 ).

4. And didst reveal them unto babes. The pure and childlike; the apostles and their fellows who were free from prejudice and bigotedprepossession. God hid and revealed solely by his method of presentingthe truth in Christ Jesus. The proud despised him, but the humblereceived him.

11:26  yea, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in thy sight¹.

1. Yea, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in thy sight. This is a reiteration of the sentiment just uttered. It means, "I thank thee thatit pleases thee to do thus". The Son expresses holy acquiescence andadoring satisfaction in the doings of Him who, as Lord of heaven andearth, had right to dispose of all things as it pleased him.

11:27  All things have been delivered unto me of my Father¹: and no one knoweth the Son, save the Father²; neither doth any know the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son willeth to reveal [him.]

1. All things have been delivered unto me of my Father. See as Lord of the kingdom were entrusted to Jesus, but for the presentonly potentially. The actual investiture of authority did not takeplace until the glorification of Jesus ( Matthew 28:18 ; Colossians 1:16-19 ; Hebrews 1:8 ).The authority thus delivered shall be eventually returned again( 1 Corinthians 15:28 ).

2. And no one knoweth the Son, save the Father, etc. Here again are many important truths taught: (1) While we may have personal knowledgeof Jesus, we cannot know him completely. His nature is inscrutable. Andyet, in direct opposition to our Lord's explicit assertion, creeds havebeen formed, defining the metaphysical nature of Christ, and enforcingtheir distinctions on the subject which Jesus expressly declares thatno man understands, as necessary conditions of church membership inthis world, and of salvation in the world to come. Morison says,

   "It would be difficult to find a more audacious and presumptuous violation of the words of Jesus than the Athanasian Creed, with its thrice repeated curses against those who did not receive its those who did not receive its doctrines."

   (2) We can have no correct knowledge of God except through revelation.(3) Jesus begins the revelation of the Father in this world, andcompletes it in the world to come. (4) By this exclusive claim as tothe knowledge of the Father, Jesus asserts his own divinity. (5)Christ's exalted power comes by reasons of his exalted being.

11:28  Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest¹.

1. Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. The preceding remarks are prefatory to this invitation. Thedominion which Jesus exercises, the nature which he possess, and theknowledge which he can impart justify him in inviting men to come tohim. The labor and rest here spoken of are primarily those which affectsouls. That is, the labor and the heavy burden which sin imposes, andthe rest which follows the forgiveness of that sin. Incidentally,however, physical burden are also made lighter by coming to Jesus,because the soul is made stronger to bear them. The meekness andlowliness of Jesus lend confidence to those whom he invites that nogrievous exactions will be made of them.

11:29  Take my yoke upon you¹, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls.

1. Take my yoke upon you. "Taking the yoke" is a symbolic expression. It means, "Submit to me and become my disciple", for the yoke issymbolic of the condition of servitude ( Jeremiah 27:11 Jeremiah 27:12 ; Isaiah 9:4 ; Acts 15:10 Galatians 5:1 ; 1 Timothy 6:1 ).