Éxodo 32

1 El becerro de oro
Cuando los israelitas vieron que Moisés tardaba tanto en bajar del monte, se juntaron alrededor de Aarón y le dijeron:
—Vamos, haznos dioses que puedan guiarnos. No sabemos qué le sucedió a ese tipo, Moisés, el que nos trajo aquí desde la tierra de Egipto.

2 Aarón les respondió:
—Quítenles a sus esposas, hijos e hijas los aretes de oro que llevan en las orejas y tráiganmelos.

3 Todos se quitaron los aretes que llevaban en las orejas y se los llevaron a Aarón.

4 Entonces Aarón tomó el oro, lo fundió y lo moldeó hasta darle la forma de un becerro. Cuando los israelitas vieron el becerro de oro, exclamaron: «¡Oh Israel, estos son los dioses que te sacaron de la tierra de Egipto!».

5 Al ver Aarón el entusiasmo del pueblo, edificó un altar frente al becerro. Luego anunció: «¡Mañana celebraremos un festival al Señor
!».

6 Temprano a la mañana siguiente, el pueblo se levantó para sacrificar ofrendas quemadas y ofrendas de paz. Después, todos celebraron con abundante comida y bebida, y se entregaron a diversiones paganas.

7 El Señor
le dijo a Moisés:
—¡Baja ya de la montaña! Tu pueblo, el que sacaste de la tierra de Egipto, se ha corrompido.

8 ¡Qué pronto se apartaron de la forma en que les ordené que vivieran! Fundieron oro y se hicieron un becerro, y se inclinaron ante él y le ofrecieron sacrificios. Andan diciendo: “Oh Israel, estos son tus dioses, que te sacaron de la tierra de Egipto”.

9 Después el Señor
dijo:
—He visto lo terco y rebelde que es este pueblo.

10 Ahora quítate de en medio, para que mi ira feroz pueda encenderse contra ellos y destruirlos. Después, Moisés, haré de ti una gran nación.

11 Pero Moisés trató de apaciguar al Señor
su Dios.
—¡Oh Señor
! —le dijo—, ¿por qué estás tan enojado con tu propio pueblo, el que sacaste de la tierra de Egipto con tan gran poder y mano fuerte?

12 ¿Por qué dejar que los egipcios digan: “Su Dios los rescató con la mala intención de matarlos en los montes y borrarlos de la faz de la tierra”? Abandona tu ira feroz; ¡cambia de parecer en cuanto a ese terrible desastre con el que amenazas a tu pueblo!

13 Acuérdate de tus siervos Abraham, Isaac y Jacob.
Tú mismo te comprometiste con ellos bajo juramento diciendo: “Haré que sus descendientes sean tan numerosos como las estrellas del cielo, y entregaré a sus descendientes toda esta tierra que prometí darles, y ellos la poseerán para siempre”.

14 Entonces el Señor
cambió de parecer en cuanto al terrible desastre con que había amenazado destruir a su pueblo.

15 Enseguida Moisés se dio la vuelta y descendió del monte. Llevaba en sus manos las dos tablas de piedra grabadas con las condiciones del pacto.
Estaban escritas a ambos lados, por delante y por detrás.

16 Estas tablas eran obra de Dios; cada palabra estaba escrita por Dios mismo.

17 Cuando Josué oyó el alboroto del pueblo, que gritaba desde abajo, exclamó a Moisés:
—¡Parece que hay guerra en el campamento!

18 Pero Moisés respondió:
—No, no son gritos de victoria ni lamentos de derrota. Oigo sonidos de celebración.

19 Cuando se acercaron al campamento, Moisés vio el becerro y las danzas, y ardió de enojo. Entonces tiró las tablas de piedra al suelo, las cuales se hicieron pedazos al pie del monte.

20 Tomó el becerro que habían hecho y lo quemó. Luego lo molió hasta hacerlo polvo, lo arrojó al agua y obligó a los israelitas a que la bebieran.

21 Por último, se dirigió a Aarón y le preguntó:
—¿Qué te hizo este pueblo para que lo llevaras a caer en un pecado tan grande?

22 —No te disgustes tanto, mi señor —contestó Aarón—. Tú sabes bien qué mala es esta gente.

23 Ellos me dijeron: “Haznos dioses que puedan guiarnos. No sabemos qué le sucedió a ese tipo, Moisés, el que nos trajo aquí desde la tierra de Egipto”.

24 Así que yo les dije: “Los que tengan joyas de oro, que se las quiten”. Cuando me las trajeron, no hice más que echarlas al fuego, ¡y salió este becerro!

25 Moisés vio que Aarón había permitido que el pueblo se descontrolara por completo y fuera el hazmerreír de sus enemigos.

26 Así que se paró a la entrada del campamento y gritó: «Todos los que estén de parte del Señor
, vengan aquí y únanse a mí». Y todos los levitas se juntaron alrededor de él.

27 Moisés les dijo: «Esto dice el Señor
, Dios de Israel: “Cada uno de ustedes tome su espada, recorra el campamento de un extremo al otro; maten a todos, incluso a sus hermanos, amigos y vecinos”».

28 Entonces los levitas obedecieron la orden de Moisés, y ese día murieron unas tres mil personas.

29 Entonces Moisés les dijo a los levitas: «Hoy se consagraron a sí mismos
para el servicio del Señor
, porque lo obedecieron aun cuando tuvieron que matar a sus propios hijos y hermanos. Hoy se ganaron una bendición».

30 Moisés intercede por Israel
Al día siguiente, Moisés les dijo a los israelitas: «Ustedes cometieron un terrible pecado, pero yo subiré de nuevo al monte a encontrarme con el Señor
. Quizá pueda lograr que él les perdone
este pecado».

31 Entonces Moisés volvió a donde estaba el Señor
y dijo:
—Qué terrible pecado cometió este pueblo; se hicieron dioses de oro.

32 Ahora, si solo perdonaras su pecado; pero si no, ¡borra mi nombre del registro que has escrito!

33 Pero el Señor
respondió a Moisés:
—No, yo borraré el nombre de todo aquel que haya pecado contra mí.

34 Ahora ve y lleva al pueblo al lugar del que te hablé. Mi ángel irá delante de ti. Cuando llegue el día de pedirles cuentas a los israelitas, ciertamente los haré responsables de sus pecados.

35 Después, el Señor
envió una terrible plaga sobre ellos porque habían rendido culto al becerro que hizo Aarón.

Éxodo 32 Commentary

Chapter 32

The people cause Aaron to make a golden calf. (1-6) God's displeasure, The intercession of Moses. (7-14) Moses breaks the tables of the law, He destroys the golden calf. (15-20) Aaron's excuse, The idolaters slain. (21-29) Moses prays for the people. (30-35)

Verses 1-6 While Moses was in the mount, receiving the law from God, the people made a tumultuous address to Aaron. This giddy multitude were weary of waiting for the return of Moses. Weariness in waiting betrays to many temptations. The Lord must be waited for till he comes, and waited for though he tarry. Let their readiness to part with their ear-rings to make an idol, shame our niggardliness in the service of the true God. They did not draw back on account of the cost of their idolatry; and shall we grudge the expenses of religion? Aaron produced the shape of an ox or calf, giving it some finish with a graving tool. They offered sacrifice to this idol. Having set up an image before them, and so changed the truth of God into a lie, their sacrifices were abomination. Had they not, only a few days before, in this very place, heard the voice of the Lord God speaking to them out of the midst of the fire, Thou shalt not make to thyself any graven image? Had they not themselves solemnly entered into covenant with God, that they would do all he had said to them, and would be obedient? ch. 24:7 . Yet before they stirred from the place where this covenant had been solemnly made, they brake an express command, in defiance of an express threatening. It plainly shows, that the law was no more able to make holy, than it was to justify; by it is the knowledge of sin, but not the cure of sin. Aaron was set apart by the Divine appointment to the office of the priesthood; but he, who had once shamed himself so far as to build an altar to a golden calf, must own himself unworthy of the honour of attending at the altar of God, and indebted to free grace alone for it. Thus pride and boasting were silenced.

Verses 7-14 God says to Moses, that the Israelites had corrupted themselves. Sin is the corruption of the sinner, and it is a self-corruption; every man is tempted when he is drawn aside of his own lust. They had turned aside out of the way. Sin is a departing from the way of duty into a by-path. They soon forgot God's works. He sees what they cannot discover, nor is any wickedness of the world hid from him. We could not bear to see the thousandth part of that evil which God sees every day. God expresses the greatness of his just displeasure, after the manner of men who would have prayer of Moses could save them from ruin; thus he was a type of Christ, by whose mediation alone, God would reconcile the world to himself. Moses pleads God's glory. The glorifying God's name, as it ought to be our first petition, and it is so in the Lord's prayer, so it ought to be our great plea. And God's promises are to be our pleas in prayer; for what he has promised he is able to perform. See the power of prayer. In answer to the prayers of Moses, God showed his purpose of sparing the people, as he had before seemed determined on their destruction; which change of the outward discovery of his purpose, is called repenting of the evil.

Verses 15-20 What a change it is, to come down from the mount of communion with God, to converse with a wicked world. In God we see nothing but what is pure and pleasing; in the world nothing but what is sinful and provoking. That it might appear an idol is nothing in the world, Moses ground the calf to dust. Mixing this powder with their drink, signified that the backslider in heart should be filled with his own ways.

Verses 21-29 Never did any wise man make a more frivolous and foolish excuse than that of Aaron. We must never be drawn into sin by any thing man can say or do to us; for men can but tempt us to sin, they cannot force us. The approach of Moses turned the dancing into trembling. They were exposed to shame by their sin. The course Moses took to roll away this reproach, was, not by concealing the sin, or putting any false colour upon it, but by punishing it. The Levites were to slay the ringleaders in this wickedness; yet none were executed but those who openly stood forth. Those are marked for ruin who persist in sin: those who in the morning were shouting and dancing, before night were dying. Such sudden changes do the judgments of the Lord sometimes make with sinners that are secure and jovial in their sin.

Verses 30-35 Moses calls it a great sin. The work of ministers is to show people the greatness of their sins. The great evil of sin appears in the price of pardon. Moses pleads with God for mercy; he came not to make excuses, but to make atonement. We are not to suppose that Moses means that he would be willing to perish for ever, for the people's sake. We are to love our neighbour as ourselves, and not more than ourselves. But having that mind which was in Christ, he was willing to lay down his life in the most painful manner, if he might thereby preserve the people. Moses could not wholly turn away the wrath of God; which shows that the law of Moses was not able to reconcile men to God, and to perfect our peace with him. In Christ alone, God so pardons sin as to remember it no more. From this history we see, that no unhumbled, carnal heart, can long endure the holy precepts, the humbling truths, and the spiritual worship of God. But a god, a priest, a worship, a doctrine, and a sacrifice, suited to the carnal mind, will ever meet with abundance of worshippers. The very gospel itself may be so perverted as to suit a worldly taste. Well is it for us, that the Prophet like unto Moses, but who is beyond compare more powerful and merciful, has made atonement for our souls, and now intercedes in our behalf. Let us rejoice in his grace.

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO EXODUS 32

This chapter gives an account of the idolatry of the Israelites making and worshipping a golden calf, Ex 32:1-6 the information of it God gave to Moses, bidding him at the same time not to make any suit in their favour, that he might consume them, and make a large nation out Moses's family, Ex 32:7-10 the intercession of Moses for them, in which he succeeded, Ex 32:11-14 his descent from the mount with the two tables in his hands, accompanied by Joshua, when he was an eyewitness of their idolatry, which raised his indignation, that he cast the two tables out of his hands and broke them, took the calf and burnt it, and ground it to powder, and made the children of Israel drink of it, Ex 32:15-20 the examination of Aaron about the fact, who excused himself, Ex 32:21-24 the orders given to the Levites, who joined themselves to Moses, to slay every man his brother, which they did to the number of 3000 men, Ex 32:25-29 another intercession for them by Moses, which gained a respite of them for a time, for they are threatened to be visited still for their sin, and they were plagued for it, Ex 32:30-35.