Ester 1

1 ORA avvenne al tempo di Assuero, ch’era quell’Assuero che regnava dall’India fino in Etiopia, sopra cenventisette provincie,

2 che in quel tempo, sedendo il re Assuero sopra il suo trono reale, ch’era in Susan, stanza reale,

3 l’anno terzo del suo regno, egli fece un convito a tutti i suoi principi e servitori, avendo davanti a sè l’esercito di Persia e di Media, i baroni, e i governatori delle provincie;

4 facendo mostra delle ricchezze, e della gloria del suo regno, e dell’eccellenza, e magnificenza della sua grandezza, e ciò per molti giorni, cioè, per centottanta giorni.

5 E in capo di que’ giorni, il re fece un altro convito, per sette giorni, nel cortile dell’orto del palazzo reale, a tutto il popolo che si ritrovò in Susan, stanza reale, dal maggiore al minore.

6 Quivi erano veli bianchi e violati, appesi con anelli d’argento, e funi di bisso, e di scarlatto, e colonne di marmo; i letti erano d’oro e d’argento, sopra un lastrico di porfido, e di marmo bianco, di mischio, e di granito.

7 E si presentava a bere in vasellamenti d’oro, i quali si mutavano di tempo in tempo; e vi era del vino reale in abbondanza, secondo il potere di quel re.

8 E il bere era secondo questa legge, che niuno costringeva a bere; perciocchè il re avea imposto a tutti i suoi maestri di casa, che ciascuno facesse a sua volontà.

9 La regina Vasti fece anch’essa un convito alle donne, nella casa reale del re Assuero.

10 Al settimo giorno, il re avendo il cuore allegro di vino, disse a Mehuman, a Bizta, ad Harbona, a Bigta, ad Abagta, a Zetar, ed a Carcas, i sette eunuchi che erano i ministri ordinari del re Assuero;

11 che menassero la regina Vasti in presenza del re, con la corona reale, per mostrare a’ popoli ed a’ signori la sua bellezza; perciocchè ella era bella di aspetto.

12 Ma la regina Vasti ricusò di venire alla parola del re, recatale per gli eunuchi; laonde il re si crucciò forte, e la sua ira si accese in lui.

13 E il re disse a’ savi, che aveano conoscenza de’ tempi perciocchè così erano proposti gli affari del re a tutti coloro ch’erano intendenti delle leggi, e della ragione;

14 ed allora erano appresso di lui Carsenar, Setar, Admata, Tarsis, Meres, Marsena, e Memucan, sette principali signori di Persia e di Media, i quali vedevano la faccia del re, ed aveano i primi seggi nel regno:

15 Che conviensi egli fare, secondo la legge, alla regina Vasti, perciocchè non ha fatto il comandamento del re Assuero, recatole per gli eunuchi?

16 Allora Memucan disse in presenza del re e de’ principi: La regina Vasti non ha misfatto solo contro al re, ma eziandio contro a tutti i principi, e contro a tutti i popoli, che sono in tutte le provincie del re Assuero;

17 perciocchè quello che la regina ha fatto si spargerà fra tutte le donne, per far loro sprezzare i lor mariti; quando si dirà: Il re Assuero avea comandato che si facesse venire la regina Vasti in presenza sua, e pure ella non ci è venuta.

18 E fin da questo giorno le dame di Persia e di Media che avranno intese le parole della regina, ardiranno parlare a’ principi del re; e vi sarà troppo grande sprezzo ed indegnazione.

19 Se così par bene al re, sia bandito un decreto reale da parte sua, e sia scritto fra le leggi di Persia e di Media, talchè sia irrevocabile: Che Vasti non verrà più in presenza del re Assuero; e che il re darà la dignità reale di essa ad una sua compagna, migliore di lei.

20 E il decreto che il re avrà fatto, sarà inteso per tutto il suo regno, benchè egli sia grande; e tutte le donne renderanno onore a’ lor mariti, dal maggiore al minore.

21 E la cosa piacque al re ed a’ principi; e il re fece come Memucan avea detto:

22 E ne mandò lettere a tutte le sue provincie, a ciascuna provincia, secondo la sua maniera di scrivere, ed a ciascun popolo, secondo il suo linguaggio; acciocchè ogni uomo fosse signore in casa sua, e parlasse secondo il linguaggio del suo popolo.

Ester 1 Commentary

Chapter 1

We find in this book, that even those Jews who were scattered in the province of the heathen, were taken care of, and were wonderfully preserved, when threatened with destruction. Though the name of God be not in this book, the finger of God is shown by minute events for the bringing about his people's deliverance. This history comes in between (Ezra 6 and Ezra 7 ) .

The royal feast of Ahasuerus. (1-9) Vashti's refusal to appear, The king's decree. (10-22)

Verses 1-9 The pride of Ahasuerus's heart rising with the grandeur of his kingdom, he made an extravagant feast. This was vain glory. Better is a dinner of herbs with quietness, than this banquet of wine, with all the noise and tumult that must have attended it. But except grace prevails in the heart, self-exaltation and self-indulgence, in one form or another, will be the ruling principle. Yet none did compel; so that if any drank to excess, it was their own fault. This caution of a heathen prince, even when he would show his generosity, may shame many called Christians, who, under pretence of sending the health round, send sin round, and death with it. There is a woe to them that do so; let them read it, and tremble, ( habakkuk 2:15 habakkuk 2:16 ) .

Verses 10-22 Ahasuerus's feast ended in heaviness, by his own folly. Seasons of peculiar festivity often end in vexation. Superiors should be careful not to command what may reasonably be disobeyed. But when wine is in, men's reason departs from them. He that had rule over 127 provinces, had no rule over his own spirit. But whether the passion or the policy of the king was served by this decree, God's providence made way for Esther to the crown, and defeated Haman's wicked project, even before it had entered into his heart, and he arrived at his power. Let us rejoice that the Lord reigns, and will overrule the madness or folly of mankind to promote his own glory, and the safety and happiness of his people.

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF ESTHER

This book has its name from the person who is the principal subject of it; it is by Clemens of Alexandria {a} called the Book of Mordecai also; it is commonly called, in the Hebrew copies, "Megillah Esther", the Volume of Esther; and sometimes in the Jewish writings only "Megillah", by way of eminency, "the Volume". It was written, according to the Talmudists {b}, by the men of the great synagogue, composed by Ezra; and some think it was written by Ezra himself {c}; but Aben Ezra is of opinion it was written by Mordecai, since he was concerned in, and had perfect knowledge of, all things related in it; which is rejected by Spinosa {d}, who conceits that this, and the books of Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah, were written by one and the same historian long after the times of Judas Maccabaeus: as to the canonical authority of it, it has been generally received by Jews and Christians; our wise men, says Maimonides {e}, openly and plainly affirm of the book of Esther, that it was dictated by the Holy Spirit; so Aben Ezra on Es 6:6, and he himself {f} affirms, that

``all the books of the prophets, and all the Hagiographa (or holy writings), shall cease in the days of the Messiah, except the volume of Esther; and, lo, that shall be as stable as the Pentateuch, and as the constitutions of the oral law, which shall never cease.''

Though the versions of other books of Scripture might not be read in the synagogues, versions of this book might to those who did not understand Hebrew {g}; and so Luther {h} says, the Jews more esteem the book of Esther than any of the prophets. Whence Mr. Baxter {i} had that notion, I can not devise, that the Jews used to cast to the ground the book of Esther before they read it, because the name of God was not in it: nor is that any objection to its authenticity, since the hand and providence of God may be most clearly seen in it; in raising Esther to such grandeur, and that for the deliverance of the people of the Jews, and in counter working and bringing to nought the plots of their enemies, and in saving them: nor that it is not quoted in the New Testament; it is sufficient there is no disagreement between them, yea, an entire agreement, particularly in the account of the captivity of Jeconiah, which is expressed almost in the same words in Es 2:6 as in Mt 1:11,12. It stands in Origen's catalogue {k} of the books of the Old Testament; nor is it any material objection that it appears not in the catalogue of Melito {l}, since in that list is comprehended under Ezra not Nehemiah only, but Esther also, which Jerom {m} mentions along with it. This book is not only of use to the Jews, as it shows the original and foundation of a feast of theirs, still kept up by them, the feast of Purim, and makes for the glory of their nation, and therefore it is no wonder it should be so highly esteemed by them; but serves to show the singular providence of God in taking care of his people in adversity, in humbling the proud, and exalting the lowly, and saving those that pray to him, and trust in him; it furnishes out various instructions in the conduct of the several persons herein mentioned; it is a history but of ten or eleven years at most, from the third of Ahasuerus, to the twelfth of his reign, Es 1:3, 3:7.

{a} Stromat. l. 1. p. 329. {b} T. Bava Bathra, fol. 15. 1. {c} August. de Civ. Dei, l. 18. c. 36. Isidor. Origin. l. 6. c. 2. {d} Tract. Theolog. Politic. c. 10. p. 189 {e} Moreh Nevochim, par. 2. c. 45. {f} Hilchot Megillah, c. 2. sect. 18. {g} Misn. Megillah, c. 2. sect. 1. T. Bab. Megillah, fol. 18. 1. {h} Mensal. Colloqu. c. 31. p. 358. {i} The Saints Everlasting Rest, part 4. c. 3. sect. 1. {k} Apud Euseb. Eccl. Hist. l. 6. c. 25. {l} Apud ib. l. 4. c. 26. {m} Ad Domnion. & Rogat. tom. 3. fol. 7. F.

\\INTRODUCTION TO ESTHER 1\\

This chapter relates, how that Ahasuerus, a great king of Persia, made a feast, first for the grandees of his kingdom, and then for his people, as his queen did for the women, Es 1:1-9, who being sent for by him, and she refusing to come, was, by the advice of one of his counsellors, divorced from him, and an order made and published throughout his dominions, that every man should bear rule in his own house, Es 1:10-22.