Deuteronomio 1

1 Queste sono le parole che Mosè rivolse a Israele di là dal Giordano, nel deserto, nella pianura dirimpetto a Suf, fra Paran, Tofel, Laban, Hatseroth e Di-Zahab.

2 (Vi sono undici giornate dallo Horeb, per la via del monte Seir, fino a Kades-Barnea).

3 Il quarantesimo anno, l’undecimo mese, il primo giorno del mese, Mosè parlò ai figliuoli d’Israele, secondo tutto quello che l’Eterno gli aveva ordinato di dir loro.

4 Questo avvenne dopo ch’egli ebbe sconfitto Sihon, re degli Amorei che abitava in Heshbon, e Og, re di Basan che abitava in Astaroth e in Edrei.

5 Di là dal Giordano, nel paese di Moab, Mosè cominciò a spiegare questa legge, dicendo:

6 L’Eterno, l’Iddio nostro, ci parlò in Horeb e ci disse: "Voi avete dimorato abbastanza in queste montagne;

7 voltatevi, partite e andate nella contrada montuosa degli Amorei e in tutte le vicinanze, nella pianura, sui monti, nella regione bassa, nel mezzogiorno, sulla costa del mare, nel paese dei Cananei ed al Libano, fino al gran fiume, il fiume Eufrate.

8 Ecco, io v’ho posto il paese dinanzi; entrate, prendete possesso del paese che l’Eterno giurò di dare ai vostri padri, Abrahamo, Isacco e Giacobbe, e alla loro progenie dopo di loro".

9 In quel tempo io vi parlai e vi dissi: "Io non posso da solo sostenere il carico del popolo.

10 L’Eterno, ch’è il vostro Dio, vi ha moltiplicati, ed ecco che oggi siete numerosi come le stelle del cielo.

11 L’Eterno, l’Iddio de’ vostri padri vi aumenti anche mille volte di più, e vi benedica come vi ha promesso di fare!

12 Ma come posso io, da solo, portare il vostro carico, il vostro peso e le vostre liti?

13 Prendete nelle vostre tribù degli uomini savi, intelligenti e conosciuti, e io ve li stabilirò come capi".

14 E voi mi rispondeste, dicendo: "E’ bene che facciamo quel che tu proponi".

15 Allora presi i capi delle vostre tribù, uomini savi e conosciuti, e li stabilii sopra voi come capi di migliaia, capi di centinaia, capi di cinquantine, capi di diecine, e come ufficiali nelle vostre tribù.

16 E in quel tempo detti quest’ordine ai vostri giudici: "Ascoltate le cause de’ vostri fratelli, e giudicate con giustizia le questioni che uno può avere col fratello o con lo straniero che sta da lui.

17 Nei vostri giudizi non avrete riguardi personali; darete ascolto al piccolo come al grande; non temerete alcun uomo, poiché il giudicio appartiene a Dio; e le cause troppo difficili per voi le recherete a me, e io le udirò".

18 Così, in quel tempo, io vi ordinai tutte le cose che dovevate fare.

19 Poi partimmo dallo Horeb e attraversammo tutto quel grande e spaventevole deserto che avete veduto, dirigendoci verso la contrada montuosa degli Amorei, come l’Eterno, l’Iddio nostro, ci aveva ordinato di fare, e giungemmo a Kades-Barnea.

20 Allora vi dissi: Siete arrivati alla contrada montuosa degli Amorei, che l’Eterno, l’Iddio nostro, ci dà.

21 Ecco, l’Eterno, il tuo Dio, t’ha posto il paese dinanzi; sali, prendine possesso, come l’Eterno, l’Iddio de’ tuoi padri, t’ha detto; non temere, e non ti spaventare".

22 E voi vi accostaste a me tutti quanti, e diceste: "Mandiamo degli uomini davanti a noi, che ci esplorino il paese, e ci riferiscano qualcosa del cammino per il quale noi dovremo salire, e delle città alle quali dovremo arrivare".

23 La cosa mi piacque, e presi dodici uomini tra voi, uno per tribù.

24 Quelli s’incamminarono, salirono verso i monti, giunsero alla valle d’Eshcol, ed esplorarono il paese.

25 Presero con le loro mani de’ frutti del paese, ce li portarono, e ci fecero la loro relazione dicendo: "Quello che l’Eterno, il nostro Dio, ci dà, è un buon paese".

26 Ma voi non voleste salirvi, e vi ribellaste all’ordine dell’Eterno, del vostro Dio;

27 mormoraste nelle vostre tende, e diceste: "L’Eterno ci odia, per questo ci ha fatti uscire dal paese d’Egitto per darci in mano agli Amorei e per distruggerci.

28 Dove saliam noi? I nostri fratelli ci han fatto struggere il cuore, dicendo: Quella gente è più grande e più alta di noi; le città vi sono grandi e fortificate fino al cielo; e abbiam perfino visto colà de’ figliuoli degli Anakim".

29 E io vi dissi: "Non vi sgomentate, e non abbiate paura di loro.

30 L’Eterno, l’Iddio vostro che va davanti a voi, combatterà egli stesso per voi, come ha fatto tante volte sotto gli occhi vostri, in Egitto,

31 e nel deserto, dove hai veduto come l’Eterno, il tuo Dio, ti ha portato come un uomo porta il suo figliuolo, per tutto il cammino che avete fatto, finché siete arrivati a questo luogo".

32 Nonostante questo non aveste fiducia nell’Eterno, nell’Iddio vostro,

33 che andava innanzi a voi nel cammino per cercarvi un luogo da piantar le tende: di notte, nel fuoco per mostrarvi la via per la quale dovevate andare, e, di giorno, nella nuvola.

34 E l’Eterno udì le vostre parole, si adirò gravemente, e giurò dicendo:

35 "Certo, nessuno degli uomini di questa malvagia generazione vedrà il buon paese che ho giurato di dare ai vostri padri,

36 salvo Caleb, figliuolo di Gefunne. Egli lo vedrà; e a lui e ai suoi figliuoli darò la terra che egli ha calcato, perché ha pienamente seguito l’Eterno".

37 Anche contro a me l’Eterno si adirò per via di voi, e disse: "Neanche tu v’entrerai;

38 Giosuè, figliuolo di Nun, che ti serve, v’entrerà; fortificalo, perch’egli metterà Israele in possesso di questo paese.

39 E i vostri fanciulli, de’ quali avete detto: Diventeranno tanta preda! e i vostri figliuoli, che oggi non conoscono né il bene né il male, sono quelli che v’entreranno; a loro lo darò, e saranno essi che lo possederanno.

40 Ma voi, tornate indietro e avviatevi verso il deserto, in direzione del mar Rosso".

41 Allora voi rispondeste, dicendomi: "Abbiam peccato contro l’Eterno; noi saliremo e combatteremo, interamente come l’Eterno, l’Iddio nostro, ci ha ordinato". E ognun di voi cinse le armi, e vi metteste temerariamente a salire verso i monti.

42 E l’Eterno mi disse: "Di’ loro: Non salite, e non combattete, perché io non sono in mezzo a voi; voi sareste sconfitti davanti ai vostri nemici".

43 Io ve lo dissi, ma voi non mi deste ascolto; anzi foste ribelli all’ordine dell’Eterno, foste presuntuosi, e vi metteste a salire verso i monti.

44 Allora gli Amorei, che abitano quella contrada montuosa, uscirono contro a voi, v’inseguirono come fanno le api, e vi batterono in Seir fino a Horma.

45 E voi tornaste e piangeste davanti all’Eterno; ma l’Eterno non dette ascolto alla vostra voce e non vi porse orecchio.

46 Così rimaneste in Kades molti giorni; e ben sapete quanti giorni vi siete rimasti.

Deuteronomio 1 Commentary

Chapter 1

This book repeats much of the history and of the laws contained in the three foregoing books: Moses delivered it to Israel a little before his death, both by word of mouth, that it might affect, and by writing, that it might abide. The men of that generation to which the law was first given were all dead, and a new generation was sprung up, to whom God would have it repeated by Moses himself, now they were going to possess the land of Canaan. The wonderful love of God to his church is set forth in this book; how he ever preserved his church for his own mercies sake, and would still have his name called upon among them. Such are the general outlines of this book, the whole of which shows Moses' love for Israel, and marks him an eminent type of the Lord Jesus Christ. Let us apply the exhortations and persuasions to our own consciences, to excite our minds to a believing, grateful obedience to the commands of God.

The words Moses spake to Israel in the plains of Moab, The promise of Canaan. (1-8) Judges provided for the people. (9-18) Of the sending the spies-God's anger for their unbelief and disobedience. (19-46)

Verses 1-8 Moses spake to the people all the Lord had given him in commandment. Horeb was but eleven days distant from Kadesh-barnea. This was to remind them that their own bad conduct had occasioned their tedious wanderings; that they might the more readily understand the advantages of obedience. They must now go forward. Though God brings his people into trouble and affliction, he knows when they have been tried long enough. When God commands us to go forward in our Christian course, he sets the heavenly Canaan before us for our encouragement.

Verses 9-18 Moses reminds the people of the happy constitution of their government, which might make them all safe and easy, if it was not their own fault. He owns the fulfilment of God's promise to Abraham, and prays for the further accomplishment of it. We are not straitened in the power and goodness of God; why should we be straitened in our own faith and hope? Good laws were given to the Israelites, and good men were to see to the execution of them, which showed God's goodness to them, and the care of Moses.

Verses 19-46 Moses reminds the Israelites of their march from Horeb to Kadesh-barnea, through that great and terrible wilderness. He shows how near they were to a happy settlement in Canaan. It will aggravate the eternal ruin of hypocrites, that they were not far from the kingdom of God. As if it were not enough that they were sure of their God before them, they would send men before them. Never any looked into the Holy Land, but they must own it to be a good land. And was there any cause to distrust this God? An unbelieving heart was at the bottom of all this. All disobedience to God's laws, and distrust of his power and goodness, flow from disbelief of his word, as all true obedience springs from faith. It is profitable for us to divide our past lives into distinct periods; to give thanks to God for the mercies we have received in each, to confess and seek the forgiveness of all the sins we can remember; and thus to renew our acceptance of God's salvation, and our surrender of ourselves to his service. Our own plans seldom avail to good purpose; while courage in the exercise of faith, and in the path of duty, enables the believer to follow the Lord fully, to disregard all that opposes, to triumph over all opposition, and to take firm hold upon the promised blessings.

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO DEUTERONOMY

This book is sometimes called "Elleh hadebarim", from the words with which it begins; and sometimes by the Jews "Mishneh Torah", the repetition of the law; and so in the Syriac version, with which agrees the Arabic title of it; and when the Greeks, and we after them, call it "Deuteronomy", it is not to be understood of a second, a new, or another law, but of the law formerly delivered, but now repeated, and also more largely explained; to which are likewise added several particular laws, instructions, and directions; all which were necessary, on account of the people of Israel, who were now a new generation, that either were not born, or not at an age to hear and understand the law when given on Mount Sinai; the men that heard it there being all dead, excepting a very few; and these people were also now about to enter into the land of Canaan, which they were to enjoy as long as they kept the law of God, and no longer, and therefore it was proper they should be reminded of it; and besides, Moses was now about to leave them, and having an hearty desire after their welfare, spends the little time he had to be with them, by inculcating into them and impressing on them the laws of God, and in opening and explaining them to them, and enforcing them on them, which were to be the rule of their obedience, and on which their civil happiness depended. And sometimes the Jews call this book "the book of reproofs", because there are in it several sharp reproofs of the people of Israel for their rebellion and disobedience; and so the Targums of Jonathan and Jerusalem begin it by calling it the words of reproof which Moses spake That this book was written by Moses there can be no doubt, from De 1:1, 31:4,9,24, only the eight last verses, which give an account of his death, and of his character, were wrote by another hand, equally inspired by God, as either Eleazar the priest, as some, or Samuel the prophet, as others; or, as it is the more commonly received opinion of the Jews, Ezra; though it is highly probable they were wrote by Joshua his successor. This book was written and delivered by Moses, at certain times in the last month of his life, and towards the close of the fortieth year of the children of Israel's coming out of Egypt. And that it is of divine authority need not be questioned, when the several quotations out of it are observed, as made by the apostles of Christ, in Ac 3:22, Ro 12:19 Heb 10:30, Ga 3:10 out of \De 18:15 32:35,36 27:26\ and by our Lord himself, Mt 18:16 from De 19:15. Yea, it is remarkable, that all the passages of Scripture produced by Christ, to repel the temptations of Satan, are all taken out of this book, Mt 4:7,10 compared with De 8:3, 6:10,13, and the voice from heaven, directing the apostles to hearken to him, refers to a prophecy of him in De 18:15.

\\INTRODUCTION TO DEUTERONOMY 1\\

The time and place when the subject matter of this book was delivered to the Israelites are observed by way of preface, De 1:1-5, and it begins with reminding them of an order to them to depart from Mount Horeb, and pass on to the land of Canaan, which the Lord had given them, De 1:6-8, and with observing the very great increase of their number, which made it necessary for Moses to appoint persons under him to be rulers over them, whom he instructed in the duty of their office, De 1:9-18, and he goes on to observe, that when they were come to the mountain of the Amorites, they were bid to go up and possess the land; but, instead of that, they desired men might be sent to search the land first, which was granted, De 1:19-23, and though these men upon their return brought of the fruits of the land, and a good report of it, particularly two of them; yet being discouraged by the report of the rest, they murmured, distrusted, and were afraid to enter, though encouraged by Moses, De 1:24-33, which caused the Lord to be angry with them, and upon it threatened them that they should die in the wilderness, and only two of them should ever see and enjoy the land, and therefore were bid to turn and take their journey in the wilderness, De 1:34-40, but being convinced of their evil, they proposed to go up the hill, and enter the land, which they attempted against the commandment of the Lord, but being repulsed by the Amorites, they fled with great loss, to their great grief, and abode in Kadesh many days, De 1:41-46.