For there are three that bear record in heaven
That is, that Jesus is the Son of God. The genuineness of this
text has been called in question by some, because it is wanting
in the Syriac version, as it also is in the Arabic and Ethiopic
versions; and because the old Latin interpreter has it not; and
it is not to be found in many Greek manuscripts; nor cited by
many of the ancient fathers, even by such who wrote against the
Arians, when it might have been of great service to them: to all
which it may be replied, that as to the Syriac version, which is
the most ancient, and of the greatest consequence, it is but a
version, and a defective one. The history of the adulterous woman
in the eighth of John, the second epistle of Peter, the second
and third epistles of John, the epistle of Jude, and the book of
the Revelations, were formerly wanting in it, till restored from
Bishop Usher's copy by De Dieu and Dr. Pocock, and who also, from
an eastern copy, has supplied this version with this text. As to
the old Latin interpreter, it is certain it is to be seen in many
Latin manuscripts of an early date, and stands in the Vulgate
Latin edition of the London Polyglot Bible: and the Latin
translation, which bears the name of Jerom, has it, and who, in
an epistle of his to Eustochium, prefixed to his translation of
these canonical epistles, complains of the omission of it by
unfaithful interpreters. And as to its being wanting in some
Greek manuscripts, as the Alexandrian, and others, it need only
be said, that it is to be found in many others; it is in an old
British copy, and in the Complutensian edition, the compilers of
which made use of various copies; and out of sixteen ancient
copies of Robert Stephens's, nine of them had it: and as to its
not being cited by some of the ancient fathers, this can be no
sufficient proof of the spuriousness of it, since it might be in
the original copy, though not in the copies used by them, through
the carelessness or unfaithfulness of transcribers; or it might
be in their copies, and yet not cited by them, they having
Scriptures enough without it, to defend the doctrine of the
Trinity, and the divinity of Christ: and yet, after all, certain
it is, that it is cited by many of them; by Fulgentius
F26, in the beginning of the "sixth"
century, against the Arians, without any scruple or hesitation;
and Jerom, as before observed, has it in his translation made in
the latter end of the "fourth" century; and it is cited by
Athanasius F1 about the year 350; and before him
by Cyprian F2, in the middle, of the "third"
century, about the year 250; and is referred to by Tertullian
F3 about, the year 200; and which was
within a "hundred" years, or little more, of the writing of the
epistle; which may be enough to satisfy anyone of the genuineness
of this passage; and besides, there never was any dispute about
it till Erasmus left it out in the, first edition of his
translation of the New Testament; and yet he himself, upon the
credit of the old British copy before mentioned, put it into
another edition of his translation. The heavenly witnesses of
Christ's sonship are,
the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost.
The "Father" is the first Person, so called, not in, reference to
the creatures, angels, or men, he is the Creator, and so the
Father of; for this is common to the other two Persons; but in
reference to his Son Jesus Christ, of whose sonship he bore
witness at his baptism and transfiguration upon the mount. The
"Word" is the second Person, who said and it was done; who spoke
all things out of nothing in the first creation; who was in the
beginning with God the Father, and was God, and by whom all
things were created; he declared himself to be the Son of God,
and proved himself to be so by his works and miracles; see (
Mark 14:61
Mark 14:62 ) (
John 5:17 ) (
10:30 ) and his
witness of himself was good and valid; see ( John
8:13-18 ) ; and because it is his sonship that is, here
testified of, therefore the phrase, "the Word", and not "the
Son", is here used. "The Holy Ghost" is the third Person, who
proceeds from the Father, and is also called the Spirit of the
Son, who testified of, Christ's sonship also at his baptism, by
descending on him as a dove, which was the signal given to John
the Baptist, by which he knew him, and bare record of him, that
he was the Son of God. Now the number of these witnesses was
three, there being so many persons in the Godhead; and such a
number being sufficient, according to law, for the establishing
of any point: to which may be added, that they were witnesses in
heaven, not to the heavenly inhabitants, but to men on earth;
they were so called, because they were in heaven, and from thence
gave out their testimony; and which shows the firmness and
excellency of it, it being not from earth, but from heaven, and
not human, but divine; to which may be applied the words of Job,
in ( Job 16:19
) ; it follows,
and these three are one;
which is to be understood, not only of their unity and agreement
in their testimony, they testifying of the same thing, the
sonship of Christ; but of their unity in essence or nature, they
being the one God. So that, this passage holds forth and asserts
the unity of God, a trinity of persons in the Godhead, the proper
deity of each person, and their distinct personality, the unity
of essence in that they are one; a trinity of persons in that
they are three, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, and are
neither more nor fewer; the deity of each person, for otherwise
their testimony would not be the testimony of God, as in (
1 John 5:9 ) ;
and their distinct personality; for were they not three distinct
persons, they could not be three testifiers, or three that bare
record. This being a proper place, I shall insert the faith of
the ancient Jews concerning the doctrine of the Trinity; and the
rather, as it agrees with the apostle's doctrine in words and
language, as well as in matter. They call the three Persons in
the Godhead three degrees: they say F4,
``Jehovah, Elohenu (our God), Jehovah, ( Deuteronomy 6:4 ) ; these are the three degrees with respect to this sublime mystery, in the beginning Elohim, or God, created, ( Genesis 1:1 ) ''And these three, they say, though they are distinct, yet are one, as appears by what follows F5:
``come see the mystery of the word; there are three degrees, and every degree is by itself, yet they are all one, and are bound together in one, and one is not separated from the other.''Again, it is said F6,
``this is the unity of Jehovah the first, Elohenu, Jehovah, lo, all of them are one, and therefore: called one; lo, the three names are as if they were one, and therefore are called one, and they are one; but by the revelation of the Holy Spirit it is made known, and they by the sight of the eye may be known, (dxa Nyla atltd) , "that these three are one": and this is the mystery of the voice which is heard; the voice is one, and there are three things, fire, and Spirit, and water, and all of them are one in the mystery of the voice, and they are but one: so here, Jehovah, Elohenu, Jehovah, they are one, the three, (Nynwwg) , forms, modes, or things, which are one.''Once more F7,
``there are two, and one is joined unto them, and they are three; and when the three are one, he says to them, these are the two names which Israel heard, Jehovah, Jehovah, and Elohenu is joined unto them, and it is the seal of the ring of truth; and when they are joined as one, they are one in one unity.''And this they illustrate by the three names of the soul of man F8;
``the three powers are all of them one, the soul, spirit, and breath, they are joined as one, and they are one; and all is according to the mode of the sublime mystery,''meaning the Trinity.
``Says R. Isaac F9 worthy are the righteous in this world, and in the world to come, for lo, the whole of them is holy, their body is holy, their soul is holy, their Spirit is holy, their breath is holy, holy are these three degrees "according to the form above".--Come see these three degrees cleave together as one, the soul, Spirit, and breath.''The three first Sephirot, or numbers, in the Cabalistic tree, intend the three divine Persons; the first is called the chief crown, and first glory, which essence no creature can comprehend F11, and designs the Father, ( John 1:18 ) ; the second is called wisdom, and the intelligence illuminating, the crown of the creation, the brightness of equal unity, who is exalted above every head; and he is called, by the Cabalists, the second glory F12; see ( 1 Corinthians 1:24 ) ( John 1:9 ) ( Revelation 3:14 ) ( Hebrews 1:3 ) ( Ephesians 1:21 ) . This is the Son of God: the third is called understanding sanctifying, and is the foundation of ancient wisdom, which is called the worker of faith; and he is the parent of faith, and from his power faith flows F13; and this is the Holy Spirit; see ( 1 Peter 1:2 ) ( 2 Corinthians 4:13 ) . Now they say F14 that these three first numbers are intellectual, and are not (twdm) , "properties", or "attributes", as the other seven are. R. Simeon ben Jochai says F15,
``of the three superior numbers it is said, ( Psalms 62:11 ) , "God hath spoken once, twice have I heard this"; one and two, lo the superior numbers of whom it is said, one, one, one, three ones, and this is the mystery of ( Psalms 62:11 ) .''Says R. Judah Levi F16,
``behold the mystery of the numberer, the number, and the numbered; in the bosom of God it is one thing, in the bosom of man three; because he weighs with his understanding, and speaks with his mouth, and writes with his hand.''It was usual with the ancient Jews to introduce Jehovah speaking, or doing anything, in this form, I and my house of judgment; and it is a rule with them, that wherever it is said, "and Jehovah", he and his house or judgment are intended F17; and Jarchi frequently makes use of this phrase to explain texts where a plurality in the Godhead is intended, as ( Genesis 1:26 ) ( Song of Solomon 1:11 ) ; and it is to be observed, that a house of judgment, or a sanhedrim, among the Jews, never consisted of less than three. They also had used to write the word "Jehovah" with three "Jods", in the form of a triangle,
(y) (y y)
as representing the three divine Persons: one of their more modern F18 writers has this observation on the blessing of the priest in ( Numbers 6:24-26 ) :
``these three verses begin with a "Jod", in reference to the three "Jods" which we write in the room of the name, (i.e. Jehovah,) for they have respect to the three superior things.''