Notes

30. 9:17 Exodus 9:16

31. 9:25 Hosea 2:23

32. 9:26 Lit. sons

33. 9:26 Hosea 1:10

34. 9:28 Isaiah 10:22-23

35. 9:32 Isaiah 8:14

36. 9:33 Isaiah 8:14 and 28:16

37. 10:5 Leviticus 18:5

38. 10:6 Deuteronomy 30:12

39. 10:7 Deuteronomy 30:13

40. 10:8 Deuteronomy 30:14

41. 10:11 Isaiah 28:16 (Septuagint)

42. 10:12 Jew

43. 10:12 Greek

44. 10:13 Joel 2:32

45. 10:15 Isaiah 52:7

46. 10:16 Isaiah 53:1

47. 10:18 Psalm 19:4

48. 10:19 Deuteronomy 32:21

49. 10:20 Isaiah 65:1

50. 10:21 Isaiah 65:2

51. 11:3 1 Kings 19:10, 14

52. 11:4 1 Kings 19:18

53. 11:8 Deuteronomy 29:4; Isaiah 29:10

54. 11:9 Lit. table

55. 11:10 Psalm 69:22-23

56. 11:27 Covenant

57. 11:27 Isaiah 59:20-21

58. 11:33 Job 11:7

59. 11:34 Isaiah 40:13

60. 11:35 Job 41:11

61. 12:3 Romans 1:5

62. 12:13 Lit. holy ones

63. 12:19 Deuteronomy 32:35

64. 12:20 Proverbs 25:21

65. 13:9 Exodus 20:13-17

66. 13:9 Leviticus 19:18

67. 14:11 Isaiah 45:23

68. 15:3 Psalm 69:9

69. 15:9 Psalm 18:49

70. 15:10 Deuteronomy 32:43

71. 15:11 Psalm 117:1

72. 15:12 Isaiah 11:10

73. 15:21 Isaiah 52:15

74. 15:25 Lit. holy ones

75. 16:1 Lit. a deaconess, meaning servant

76. 16:3 Lit. Prisca, which was probably a nickname for Priscilla. See Acts 18:1-3.

77. 16:20 Genesis 3:15

78. 16:24 Some manuscripts do not have verse 24.

1. 1:12 Cephas is Aramaic for Peter.

2. 1:13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Baptism

3. 1:19 Isaiah 29:14

4. 1:31 Jeremiah 9:24

5. 2:9 Isaiah 64:4

6. 2:16 Isaiah 40:13

7. 3:19 Job 5:13

8. 3:20 Psalm 94:11

9. 5:5 Romans 8:12-13

10. 5:7 Yeast puffs up bread dough. Pride, in this case, means to be puffed up.

11. 5:7 Mark 14:12

12. 6:9 Ephesians 5:3-5

13. 6:16 Genesis 2:24

14. 6:17 John 17:21

15. 7:19 Galatians 5:6

16. 7:28 Matthew 24:19

17. 7:36 1 Corinthians 7:9

18. 7:39 Romans 7:2

19. 9:9 Deuteronomy 25:4

20. 9:14 Matthew 10:10; Luke 10:7

21. 10:2 Baptism

22. 10:7 Exodus 32:19

23. 10:8 Numbers 25:9

24. 10:9 Numbers 21:5

25. 10:10 Numbers 11

26. 10:11 Lit. those upon whom the ends of the ages has come

27. 10:26 Psalm 24:1; 1 Timothy 4:4

28. 11:4 Hebrews 4:15-16; 2 Corinthians 3:17-18

29. 11:5 Deuteronomy 21:12

30. 11:10 Or possibly human messengers. See glossary of biblical terms.

31. 11:10 Revelation 2:1

32. 11:30 John 11:11-13; Acts 7:60

33. 12:3 Romans 10:9-10

34. 12:13 Baptism

35. 12:28 Ephesians 4:11-13

36. 13:1 Lit. like a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal

37. 14:8 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

38. 14:22 Lit. the ones who do not believe

39. 14:22 Lit. for those who believe

40. 15:3 Isaiah 53:5-12

41. 15:4 Psalm 16:8-11

42. 15:25 Psalm 110:1

43. 15:27 Psalm 8:9

44. 15:28 Lit. the Great Spirit will be all in all

45. 15:29 Baptism

46. 15:32 Isaiah 22:13; Luke 12:19

47. 15:45 Genesis 2:7

48. 15:45 The name Red Clay is similar in the Hebrew language to the word man.

49. 15:48 See John 3:3-7.

50. 15:52 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

51. 15:54 Isaiah 25:8

52. 15:55 Hosea 13:14

53. 16:9 See “Festival of Weeks” in the glossary of biblical terms.

54. 16:9 See “Passover Festival” in the glossary of biblical terms.

55. 16:19 Lit. Prisca, which was probably a nickname for Priscilla. See Acts 18:1-3.

56. 16:22 Lit. anathema, a word meaning “cursed”

57. 16:22 See Romans 9:3.

58. 16:22 An Aramaic word that was used in the early church as a prayer for the return of the Chosen One

1. 2:10 Matthew 18:20

2. 2:13 2 Corinthians 7:5-7

3. 4:13 Possibly Psalm 116:10

4. 4:14 Ephesians 2:6

5. 5:3 1 Corinthians 15:52

6. 5:3 Lit. be found naked

7. 6:2 Isaiah 49:8

8. 6:10 1 Corinthians 3:21-23

9. 6:15 Belial is another name for Satan.

10. 6:16 Ezekiel 37:27; Leviticus 26:12; Jeremiah 31:33

11. 6:17 Isaiah 52:11

12. 8:15 Exodus 16:18

13. 10:17 Jeremiah 9:24; 1 Corinthians 1:31

14. 11:3 Genesis 3:4, 13

15. 12:2-3 Often translated in other English translations as “the third heaven”

16. 12:4 Lit. paradise

17. 13:1 Deuteronomy 19:15

1. 1:8 Lit. anathema, a word meaning “cursed” or “cut off.” See Romans 9:3.

2. 1:15 Acts 22:6

3. 2:7 Lit. uncircumcised, a way to speak of one who is a Gentile outsider

4. 2:7 Lit. circumcised, a way to speak of one who is Jewish

5. 2:9 Lit. pillars

6. 2:12 See Acts 10:28.

7. 3:6 Genesis 15:6; Romans 4:3

8. 3:8 Genesis 12:3

9. 3:10 Deuteronomy 27:26; 31:26

10. 3:11 Habakkuk 2:4

11. 3:12 Leviticus 18:5

12. 3:13 Deuteronomy 21:23

13. 3:16 Genesis 12:7

14. 3:22 Romans 11:32

15. 3:27 Baptism

16. 4:1 Lit. no different from a household slave

17. 4:5 Lit. purchase the freedom of

18. 4:8 Lit. those who by nature are not gods

19. 4:27 Isaiah 54:1

20. 4:30 Genesis 21:10

21. 5:14 Leviticus 19:18

22. 6:5 The Apache and some of the other southwestern tribes have burden baskets. They are often used in a coming-of-age ceremony in which the new generation accepts the responsibility to carry the burden for its generation.

1. 1:22 Lit. head

2. 2:11 Lit. Gentiles in the flesh

3. 2:11 Lit. the uncircumcision, a way to say non-Jews

4. 2:11 Lit. the circumcision, a way to say Jews

5. 4:5 Baptism

6. 4:7 The headdress was worn among many tribes to represent victory in battle and good deeds accomplished. Here it is used as a metaphor of the Chosen One’s victory.

7. 4:8 Psalm 68:18

8. 4:13 The faith

9. 4:27 Psalm 4:4

10. 4:30 The day of redemption or restoration

11. 5:31 Genesis 2:24

12. 6:3 Deuteronomy 5:16

13. 6:11 The devil

1. 1:2 Lit. brothers

2. 1:18 Lit. firstborn

3. 1:24 Lit. flesh

4. 2:8 Lit. elemental spirits or principles of this world

5. 2:11 Lit. the flesh

6. 2:12 Baptism

7. 3:5 Lit. which is idolatry

8. 3:11 Lit. Jews or Greeks

9. 3:11 Lit. Scythian, a people group known to be barbaric and uncivilized

10. 4:12 Lit. one of you

1. 3:2, 10 Lit. your faith

2. 3:5, 6 Lit. our faith

3. 4:16 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

1. 3:2 Lit. the faith

1. 1:7 Luke 5:17; Acts 5:34

2. 3:2 Lit. the husband of one wife

3. 3:9 Lit. mystery of the faith

4. 3:11 Or the women helpers

5. 3:12 Lit. husbands of one wife

6. 5:8 Lit. our faith

7. 5:9 Lit. a wife of one man

8. 5:10 John 13:14

9. 5:18 Deuteronomy 25:4; 1 Corinthians 9:9

10. 5:18 Leviticus 19:13

11. 5:21 Lit. chosen

12. 6:19 Matthew 6:19-21

1. 1:8 Lit. be ashamed

2. 3:8 Exodus 7:11

3. 3:8 Lit. the faith

4. 4:7 Lit. the faith

5. 4:17 “Mouth of the lion” is a possible reference to death at the hands of the Roman Empire.

6. 4:19 Lit. Prisca, which was probably a nickname for Priscilla. See Acts 18:1-3.

1. 1:4 Lit. the faith

2. 1:6 Lit. the husband of one wife

3. 1:13 Lit. the faith

4. 3:15 Lit. the faith

1. 1:5 Psalm 2:7

2. 1:5 2 Samuel 7:14

3. 1:6 Lit. firstborn Son. In the Jewish culture of that day, the firstborn son was honored as the head of the family.

4. 1:7 Psalm 104:4

5. 1:9 Psalm 45:6-7

6. 1:11-12 Psalm 102:25-27

7. 1:13 Psalm 110:1

8. 2:8 Psalm 8:4-6

9. 2:12 Psalm 22:22

10. 2:13 Isaiah 8:17-18

11. 2:17 Exodus 25:17-20

12. 3:5 Hebrews 1:1-2

13. 3:11 Psalm 95:7-11

14. 4:3 Psalm 95:11, also in verse 5

15. 5:5 Psalm 2:7

16. 5:6 Psalm 110:4

17. 6:14 Genesis 22:17

18. 7:1 Genesis 14:17-20

19. 7:17, 20-21 Psalm 110:4

20. 8:5 Exodus 25:40

21. 8:12 Jeremiah 31:34

22. 9:4 The ark or box was made of acacia wood. We use cedar here because many Native Americans use a cedar box to hold ceremonial items.

23. 9:4 Lit. manna, meaning “what is it?” A mysterious food. See Exodus 16:33; John 6:32-33, 48-51.

24. 9:16-17 Similar to a last will and testament

25. 9:19 An herbal plant with long stems. Used ceremonially to sprinkle the blood of a sacrifice. See Psalm 51:7.

26. 9:20 Exodus 24:8

27. 10:13 Psalm 110:1

28. 10:16 Jeremiah 31:33

29. 10:17 Jeremiah 31:34

30. 10:30 Deuteronomy 32:35

31. 10:30 Deuteronomy 32:36

32. 10:38 Habakkuk 2:3-4

33. 11:4 Genesis 4:4-5

34. 11:5 Genesis 5:21-24

35. 11:28 Exodus 12:21-30

36. 11:29 Exodus 14:21-31

37. 12:2 Lit. our faith

38. 12:6 Proverbs 3:11-12

39. 12:18 See Exodus 19.

40. 12:19 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

41. 12:20 Exodus 19:12-13

42. 12:26 Haggai 2:6

43. 13:5 Deuteronomy 31:6

44. 13:6 Psalm 118:6

45. 13:10 Lit. eat from

46. 13:14 Revelation 21:2

1. 2:8 Leviticus 19:18; Romans 13:10

2. 2:11 Exodus 20:13

3. 2:11 Deuteronomy 5:17

4. 2:18 Lit. You have faith and I have good deeds

5. 2:21 See Genesis 22:1-15.

6. 3:6 See glossary of biblical terms.

7. 4:6 Proverbs 3:34

8. 4:7 The devil

9. 5:5 Lit. your hearts

10. 5:12 Matthew 5:34-37

11. 5:14 Lit. anoint them with oil

1. 1:16 Leviticus 19:2

2. 2:4 Lit. the living Stone

3. 2:5 Lit. living stones

4. 2:6 Isaiah 28:16

5. 2:7 Psalm 118:22

6. 2:8 Lit. rock

7. 2:8 Isaiah 8:14

8. 2:10 Hosea 1:10

9. 2:22 Isaiah 53:9

10. 3:12 Psalm 34:12-16

11. 3:20 Genesis 6–9; Hebrews 11:7

12. 3:21 Baptism

13. 5:5 Proverbs 3:34

14. 5:8 The devil

15. 5:13 Lit. She

1. 1:18 Matthew 17:5; Mark 9:7; Luke 9:35

2. 1:21 Lit. will

3. 2:22 Proverbs 26:11

4. 3:10 Some manuscripts read burned up.

1. 2:7 Instruction or commandment

2. 2:9 Lit. brother. Also in verses 10-11.

3. 2:18 Lit. the last hour

4. 2:18 Lit. the last hour

5. 3:9 Lit. seed. See Matthew 13:18-23.

6. 4:4 Lit. one

1. 1:7 Lit. from the Gentiles

1. 1:3 Ephesians 6:10-17

2. 1:8 Jeremiah 23:25-27

3. 1:11 Genesis 4:1-8

4. 1:11 Numbers 22–24

5. 1:11 Numbers 16:1-2

6. 1:20 Lit. your most holy faith

1. 1:7 Zechariah 12:10

2. 1:8 Alpha and omega are the first and last letter of the Greek alphabet, the language of the New Testament.

3. 1:10 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

4. 1:13 Daniel 7:13

5. 1:14 Lit. white like wool

6. 1:18 Lit. keys

7. 2:17 Lit. manna, meaning “what is it?” A mysterious food. See Exodus 16:33; John 6:32-33, 48-51.

8. 2:26-27 Psalm 2:9

9. 3:7 Lit. key

10. 4:1 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

11. 4:3 Lit. jasper and carnelian, which are crystalline jewels. Carnelian is clear and sometimes has a red cast. Jasper is red.

12. 4:3 Lit. like an emerald, a clear, green-colored jewel

13. 6:6 Lit. a liter of wheat

14. 6:6 Lit. barley

15. 7:1 Ezekiel 7:2

16. 7:2 Lit. seal

17. 7:3 Ezekiel 9:4

18. 8:2 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

19. 8:6 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

20. 8:13 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

21. 9:1 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

22. 9:1 Lit. key

23. 9:11 Hebrew

24. 9:11 Greek

25. 9:13 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

26. 10:7 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

27. 11:3 Lit. sackcloth

28. 11:15 Lit. trumpet, or in Hebrew shofar, meaning “ram’s horn”

29. 12:14 Meaning three and a half years, which is the same as 1,260 days or forty-two moons

30. 13:8 1 Peter 1:19-20

31. 13:10 Matthew 26:52

32. 15:4 Psalm 86:9-10

33. 15:5 Acts 7:44

34. 16:15 Matthew 24:42-44; 1 Thessalonians 5:2

35. 16:16 Hebrew

36. 17:2 Isaiah 1:21

37. 18:17, 19 Lit. one hour

38. 18:21 Lit. a millstone

39. 18:21 Matthew 18:6; Mark 9:42; Luke 17:2

40. 18:22 Lit. the sound of trumpeters

41. 18:22 Lit. the sound of a millstone

42. 18:24 Luke 11:49-50

43. 19:8 Lit. fine linen

44. 19:9 Revelation 17:1

45. 19:13 John 1:1

46. 20:1 Lit. key

47. 20:8 Gog and Magog are enemy nations of Creator and his people. See Ezekiel 38–39.

48. 21:6 Alpha and omega are the first and last letter of the Greek alphabet, the language of the New Testament.

49. 21:16 A stadia is equal to about six hundred feet. Twelve thousand stadia would be about fourteen hundred miles.

50. 21:17 A cubit is the distance from elbow to fingertip, or about eighteen inches. The wall would be about two hundred feet thick.

51. 21:20 The identity of some of these stones is uncertain.

52. 22:13 Alpha and omega are the first and last letter of the Greek alphabet, the language of the New Testament.

1. George E. Tinker, Spirit and Resistance (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004), 91-99.