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Jeremiah 31

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God's Relationship with His People

1 "At that time"-[this is] the Lord's declaration-"I will be God of all the families of Israel, and they will be My people."
2 This is what the Lord says: They found favor in the wilderness[a]- the people who survived the sword. [When] Israel went to find rest,
3 the Lord appeared to him[b] from far away. I have loved you with an everlasting love; therefore, I have continued to extend faithful love to you.[c]
4 Again I will build you so that you will be rebuilt, Virgin Israel. You will take up your tambourines again[d] and go forth in joyful dancing.
5 You will plant vineyards again on the mountains of Samaria; the planters will plant and will enjoy [the fruit].[e]
6 For there will be a day when watchmen will call out in the hill country of Ephraim: Get up, let's go up to Zion, to the Lord our God!

God's People Brought Home

7 For this is what the Lord says: Sing with joy for Jacob; shout for the chief of the nations! Proclaim, praise, and say: Lord, save Your people,[f] the remnant of Israel!
8 Watch! I am going to bring them from the northern land. I will gather them from remote regions of the earth[g]- the blind and the lame will be with them, along with those who are pregnant and those about to give birth. They will return here as a great assembly![h]
9 They will come weeping, but I will bring them back with consolation.[i][j] I will lead them to wadis [filled] with water by a smooth way where they will not stumble,[k] for I am Israel's Father, and Ephraim is My firstborn.
10 Nations, hear the word of the Lord, and tell it among the far off coastlands![l] Say: The One who scattered Israel will gather him. He will watch over him as a shepherd [guards] his flock,
11 for the Lord has ransomed Jacob and redeemed him from the power of one stronger than he.
12 They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion; they will be radiant with joy[m] because of[n] the Lord's goodness, because of the grain, the new wine, the fresh oil,[o] and because of the young of the flocks and herds. Their life will be like an irrigated garden, and they will no longer grow weak [from hunger].
13 Then the virgin will rejoice with dancing, while young and old men [rejoice] together. I will turn their mourning into joy,[p] give them consolation, and [bring] happiness out of grief.
14 I will give the priests their fill with abundance,[q][r] and My people will be satisfied with My goodness. [This is] the Lord's declaration.

Lament Turned to Joy

15 This is what the Lord says: A voice was heard in Ramah, a lament with bitter weeping- Rachel weeping for her children, refusing to be comforted for her children because they are no more.[s]
16 This is what the Lord says: Keep your voice from weeping and your eyes from tears, for the reward for your work will come- [this is]*The bracketed text has been added for clarity. the Lord's declaration- and your children will return from the enemy's land.
17 There is hope for your future[t]- [this is]*The bracketed text has been added for clarity. the Lord's declaration- and your children will return to their own territory.
18 I have heard Ephraim moaning: You disciplined me, and I have been disciplined like an untrained calf. Restore me, and I will return, for you, Lord, are my God.[u]
19 After I returned, I repented; After I was instructed, I struck my thigh [in grief].[v] I was ashamed and humiliated because I bore the disgrace of my youth.
20 Isn't Ephraim a precious son to Me, a delightful child? Whenever I speak against him, I certainly still think about him. Therefore, My inner being yearns for him; I will truly have compassion on him. [This is] the Lord's declaration.

Repentance and Restoration

21 Set up road markers[w] for yourself; establish signposts! Keep the highway in mind, the way you have traveled. Return, Virgin Israel! Return to these cities of yours.
22 How long will you turn here and there, faithless daughter?[x] For the Lord creates something new in the land[y]- a female[z] will shelter[aa] a man.
23 This is what the Lord of Hosts, the God of Israel, says: "When I restore their fortunes,[ab] they will once again speak this word in the land of Judah and in its cities: May the Lord bless you, righteous settlement,[ac] holy mountain.[ad]
24 Judah and all its cities will live in it together-also farmers and those who move[ae] with the flocks-
25 for I satisfy the thirsty person and feed all those who are weak."
26 At this I awoke and looked around. My sleep had been most pleasant to me.
27 "The days are coming"-[this is] the Lord's declaration-"when I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man and the seed of beast.
28 Just as I watched over them to uproot and to tear them down, to demolish and to destroy, and to cause disaster, so will I be attentive to build and to plant them,"[af] says the Lord.
29 "In those days, it will never again be said: The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge.[ag]
30 Rather, each will die for his own wrongdoing.[ah] Anyone who eats sour grapes-his own teeth will be set on edge.

The New Covenant

31 "Look, the days are coming"-[this is] the Lord's declaration-"when I will make a new covenant[ai] with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah.
32 [This one will] not be like the covenant I made with their ancestors when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt-a covenant they broke even though I had married them"[aj]-the Lord's declaration.
33 "Instead, this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days"-the Lord's declaration. "I will place My law[ak] within them and write it on their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be My people.
34 No longer will one teach his neighbor or his brother, saying: Know the Lord,[al] for they will all know Me, from the least to the greatest of them"-the Lord's declaration. "For I will forgive their wrongdoing[am] and never again remember their sin."[an][ao]
35 This is what the Lord says: The One who gives the sun for light by day, the fixed order of moon and stars for light by night, who stirs up the sea and makes its waves roar[ap]- the Lord of Hosts is His name:
36 If this fixed order departs from My presence- [this is]*The bracketed text has been added for clarity. the Lord's declaration- then also Israel's descendants will cease to be a nation before Me forever.[aq]
37 This is what the Lord says: If the heavens above can be measured and the foundations of the earth below explored, I will reject all of Israel's descendants because of all they have done- [this is] the Lord's declaration.
38 "Look, the days are coming"-the Lord's declaration-"when the city[ar] from the Tower of Hananel[as] to the Corner Gate[at] will be rebuilt for the Lord.
39 A measuring line will once again stretch out straight to the hill of Gareb and then turn toward Goah.
40 The whole valley-the corpses, the ashes, and all the fields as far as the Kidron Valley[au] to the corner of the Horse Gate[av] to the east-will be holy to the Lord. It will never be uprooted or demolished again."[aw]
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Jeremiah 31:33

Jeremiah 31 Commentary

Chapter 31

The restoration of Israel. (1-9) Promises of guidance and happiness; Rachel lamenting. (10-17) Ephraim laments his errors. (18-20) The promised Saviour. (21-26) God's care over the church. (27-34) Peace and prosperity in gospel time. (35-40)

Verses 1-9 God assures his people that he will again take them into covenant relation to himself. When brought very low, and difficulties appear, it is good to remember that it has been so with the church formerly. But it is hard under present frowns to take comfort from former smiles; yet it is the happiness of those who, through grace, are interested in the love of God, that it is an everlasting love, from everlasting in the counsels, to everlasting in the continuance. Those whom God loves with this love, he will draw to himself, by the influences of his Spirit upon their souls. When praising God for what he has done, we must call upon him for the favours his church needs and expects. When the Lord calls, we must not plead that we cannot come; for he that calls us, will help us, will strengthen us. The goodness of God shall lead them to repentance. And they shall weep for sin with more bitterness, and more tenderness, when delivered out of their captivity, than when groaning under it. If we take God for our Father, and join the church of the first-born, we shall want nothing that is good for us. These predictions doubtless refer also to a future gathering of the Israelites from all quarters of the globe. And they figuratively describe the conversion of sinners to Christ, and the plain and safe way in which they are led.

Verses 10-17 He that scattered Israel, knows where to find them. It is comfortable to observe the goodness of the Lord in the gifts of providence. But our souls are never valuable as gardens, unless watered with the dews of God's Spirit and grace. A precious promise follows, which will not have full accomplishment except in the heavenly Zion. Let them be satisfied of God's loving-kindness, and they will be satisfied with it, and desire no more to make them happy. Rachel is represented as rising from her grave, and refusing to be comforted, supposing her offspring rooted out. The murder of the children at Bethlehem, by Herod, ( Matthew 2:16-18 ) , in some degree fulfilled this prediction, but could not be its full meaning. If we have hope in the end, concerning an eternal inheritance, for ourselves and those belonging to us, all temporal afflictions may be borne, and will be for our good.

Verses 18-20 Ephraim (the ten tribes) is weeping for sin. He is angry at himself for his sin, and folly, and frowardness. He finds he cannot, by his own power, keep himself close with God, much less bring himself back when he is revolted. Therefore he prays, Turn thou me, and I shall be turned. His will was bowed to the will of God. When the teaching of God's Spirit went with the corrections of his providence, then the work was done. This is our comfort in affliction, that the Lord thinks upon us. God has mercy in store, rich mercy, sure mercy, suitable mercy, for all who seek him in sincerity.

Verses 21-26 The way from the bondage of sin to the liberty of God's children, is a high-way. It is plain, it is safe; yet none are likely to walk in it, unless they set their hearts towards it. They are encouraged by the promise of a new, unheard-of, extraordinary thing; a creation, a work of Almighty power; the human nature of Christ, formed and prepared by the power of the Holy Ghost: and this is here mentioned as an encouragement to the Jews to return to their own land. And a comfortable prospect is given them of a happy settlement there. Godliness and honesty God has joined: let no man think to put them asunder, or to make the one atone for the want of the other. In the love and favour of God the weary soul shall find rest, and the sorrowful shall find joy. And what can we see with more satisfaction than the good of Jerusalem, and peace upon Israel?

Verses 27-34 The people of God shall become numerous and prosperous. In ( hebrews 8:8 hebrews 8:9 ) , this place is quoted as the sum of the covenant of grace made with believers in Jesus Christ. Not, I will give them a new law; for Christ came not to destroy the law, but to fulfil it; but the law shall be written in their hearts by the finger of the Spirit, as formerly written in the tables of stone. The Lord will, by his grace, make his people willing people in the day of his power. All shall know the Lord; all shall be welcome to the knowledge of God, and shall have the means of that knowledge. There shall be an outpouring of the Holy Spirit, at the time the gospel is published. No man shall finally perish, but for his own sins; none, who is willing to accept of Christ's salvation.

Verses 35-40 As surely as the heavenly bodies will continue their settled course, according to the will of their Creator, to the end of time, and as the raging sea obeys him, so surely will the Jews be continued a separate people. Words can scarcely set forth more strongly the restoration of Israel. The rebuilding of Jerusalem, and its enlargement and establishment, shall be an earnest of the great things God will do for the gospel church. The personal happiness of every true believer, as well as the future restoration of Israel, is secured by promise, covenant, and oath. This Divine love passes knowledge; and to those who take hold upon it, every present mercy is an earnest of salvation.

Taken from Matthew Henry Commentary on the Whole Bible (Concise)

Footnotes 49

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO JEREMIAH 31

This chapter is connected with the former, respects the same times, and is full of prophecies and promises of spiritual blessings; of the coming of Christ; of the multiplication of his people, and the increase of their joy; of the conversion of the Gentiles; of the covenant of grace; and of the stability of the saints. It begins with the principal promise of the covenant, confirmed by past experience, of divine goodness, and with a fresh declaration of God's everlasting love, Jer 31:1-3; an instance of which would appear, in planting vines or churches in Samaria, the metropolis of Ephraim or the ten tribes, under the ministry of the apostles, the watchmen, on Mount Ephraim; whereby the Israel of God would be built, beautified, and made to rejoice, Jer 31:4-6; yea, it would be matter of joy to all that heard of it; since, notwithstanding distance and other difficulties, a great number should come to Christ, and to his church, drawn by the Father's love to them, and as owing to the relation he stands in to them, Jer 31:7-9; redemption out of the hands of Satan, and every spiritual enemy, must be published among the Gentiles; which would cause great joy, and give great satisfaction to the priests and people of the Lord, expressed by various metaphors, Jer 31:10-14; and though, upon the birth of the Redeemer, there would be an event, which might tend to damp the joy of saints on account of it, the murder of the infants at Bethlehem; yet some things are said to encourage faith, hope, and joy, and to abate sorrow and weeping, Jer 31:15-17; Ephraim's affliction, and behaviour under it, his repentance and reception, are recorded, Jer 31:18-20; backsliding Israel are called upon to return, in consideration of the birth of the Messiah, Jer 31:21,22; the happy and flourishing estate of the people of God is promised; all which were made known to the prophet by a dream in the night, Jer 31:23-26; and fresh promises are made, that the Lord would do them good, and not punish the children for their fathers' sins, but everyone for their own, Jer 31:28-30; and then an account is given of the new covenant of grace, as distinct from the old, and of the articles of it; the inscription of the law in the heart, spiritual knowledge of the Lord, and remission of sin, Jer 31:31-34; then follow assurances of the everlasting continuance of the true Israel and church of God, Jer 31:35-37; and the chapter is concluded with a promise of rebuilding the city of Jerusalem, and of the holiness of it, and of its abiding for ever, Jer 31:38-40.

Taken from John Gill's Exposition of the Bible

Jeremiah 31 Commentaries

Holman Christian Standard Bible ® Copyright © 2003, 2002, 2000, 1999 by Holman Bible Publishers.  Used by permission.  All rights reserved.