Ester 1

1 Al tempo d’Assuero, di quell’Assuero che regnava dall’India sino all’Etiopia sopra centoventisette province,

2 in quel tempo, dico, il re Assuero, che sedeva sul trono del suo regno a Susa, la residenza reale,

3 l’anno terzo del suo regno, fece un convito a tutti i suoi principi e ai suoi servi; l’esercito di Persia e di Media, i nobili e i governatori delle province furono riuniti in sua presenza,

4 ed egli mostrò le ricchezze e la gloria del suo regno e il fasto magnifico della sua grandezza per molti giorni, per centottanta giorni.

5 Scorsi che furon questi giorni, il re fece un altro convito di sette giorni, nel cortile del giardino del palazzo reale, per tutto il popolo che si trovava a Susa, la residenza reale dal più grande al più piccolo.

6 Arazzi di cotone finissimo, bianchi e violacei, stavan sospesi con cordoni di bisso e di scarlatto degli anelli d’argento e a delle colonne di marmo. V’eran dei divani d’oro e d’argento sopra un pavimento di porfido, di marmo bianco, di madreperla e di pietre nere.

7 Si porgeva da bere in vasi d’oro di forme svariate, e il vino reale era abbondante, grazie alla liberalità del re.

8 E l’ordine era dato di non forzare alcuno a bere, poiché il re avea prescritto a tutti i grandi della sua casa che lasciassero fare a ciascuno secondo la propria volontà.

9 La regina Vashti fece anch’ella un convito alle donne nella casa reale del re Assuero.

10 Il settimo giorno, il re, che aveva il cuore reso allegro dal vino, ordinò a Mehuman, a Biztha, a Harbona, a Bigtha, ad Abagtha, a Zethar ed a Carcas, i sette eunuchi che servivano in presenza del re Assuero,

11 che conducessero davanti a lui la regina Vashti con la corona reale, per far vedere ai popoli ed ai grandi la sua bellezza; poich’essa era bella d’aspetto.

12 Ma la regina Vashti rifiutò di venire secondo l’ordine che il re le avea dato per mezzo degli eunuchi; e il re ne fu irritatissimo, e l’ira divampò dentro di lui.

13 Allora il re interrogò i savi che aveano la conoscenza de’ tempi. Poiché gli affari del re si trattavano così in presenza di tutti quelli che conoscevano la legge e il diritto;

14 e i più vicini a lui erano Carscena, Scethar, Admatha, Tarscish, Meres, Marsena e Memucan, sette principi di Persia e di Media che vedevano la faccia del re e occupavano i primi posti nel regno.

15 "Secondo la legge", disse, "che si dev’egli fare alla regina Vashti per non aver ella eseguito l’ordine datole dal re Assuero per mezzo degli eunuchi?"

16 Memucan rispose in presenza del re e dei principi: "La regina Vashti ha mancato non solo verso il re, ma anche verso tutti i principi e tutti i popoli che sono in tutte le province del re Assuero.

17 Poiché quello che la regina ha fatto si saprà da tutte le donne, e le indurrà disprezzare i loro propri mariti; giacché esse diranno: Il re Assuero aveva ordinato che si conducesse in sua presenza la regina Vashti, ed ella non v’è andata.

18 Da ora innanzi le principesse di Persia e di Media che avranno udito il fatto della regina ne parleranno a tutti i principi del re, e ne nascerà un gran disprezzo e molto sdegno.

19 Se così piaccia al re, venga da lui emanato un editto reale, e sia iscritto fra le leggi di Persia e di Media talché sia irrevocabile, per il quale Vashti non possa più comparire in presenza del re Assuero, e il re conferisca la dignità reale ad una sua compagna migliore di lei.

20 E quando l’editto che il re avrà emanato sarà conosciuto nell’intero suo regno ch’è vasto, tutte le donne renderanno onore ai loro mariti, dal più grande al più piccolo".

21 La cosa piacque al re ed ai principi, e il re fece come avea detto Memucan;

22 e mandò lettere a tutte le province del regno, a ogni provincia secondo il suo modo di scrivere e ad ogni popolo secondo la sua lingua; per esse lettere ogni uomo doveva esser padrone in casa propria e parlare la lingua del suo popolo.

Ester 1 Commentary

Chapter 1

We find in this book, that even those Jews who were scattered in the province of the heathen, were taken care of, and were wonderfully preserved, when threatened with destruction. Though the name of God be not in this book, the finger of God is shown by minute events for the bringing about his people's deliverance. This history comes in between (Ezra 6 and Ezra 7 ) .

The royal feast of Ahasuerus. (1-9) Vashti's refusal to appear, The king's decree. (10-22)

Verses 1-9 The pride of Ahasuerus's heart rising with the grandeur of his kingdom, he made an extravagant feast. This was vain glory. Better is a dinner of herbs with quietness, than this banquet of wine, with all the noise and tumult that must have attended it. But except grace prevails in the heart, self-exaltation and self-indulgence, in one form or another, will be the ruling principle. Yet none did compel; so that if any drank to excess, it was their own fault. This caution of a heathen prince, even when he would show his generosity, may shame many called Christians, who, under pretence of sending the health round, send sin round, and death with it. There is a woe to them that do so; let them read it, and tremble, ( habakkuk 2:15 habakkuk 2:16 ) .

Verses 10-22 Ahasuerus's feast ended in heaviness, by his own folly. Seasons of peculiar festivity often end in vexation. Superiors should be careful not to command what may reasonably be disobeyed. But when wine is in, men's reason departs from them. He that had rule over 127 provinces, had no rule over his own spirit. But whether the passion or the policy of the king was served by this decree, God's providence made way for Esther to the crown, and defeated Haman's wicked project, even before it had entered into his heart, and he arrived at his power. Let us rejoice that the Lord reigns, and will overrule the madness or folly of mankind to promote his own glory, and the safety and happiness of his people.

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF ESTHER

This book has its name from the person who is the principal subject of it; it is by Clemens of Alexandria {a} called the Book of Mordecai also; it is commonly called, in the Hebrew copies, "Megillah Esther", the Volume of Esther; and sometimes in the Jewish writings only "Megillah", by way of eminency, "the Volume". It was written, according to the Talmudists {b}, by the men of the great synagogue, composed by Ezra; and some think it was written by Ezra himself {c}; but Aben Ezra is of opinion it was written by Mordecai, since he was concerned in, and had perfect knowledge of, all things related in it; which is rejected by Spinosa {d}, who conceits that this, and the books of Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah, were written by one and the same historian long after the times of Judas Maccabaeus: as to the canonical authority of it, it has been generally received by Jews and Christians; our wise men, says Maimonides {e}, openly and plainly affirm of the book of Esther, that it was dictated by the Holy Spirit; so Aben Ezra on Es 6:6, and he himself {f} affirms, that

``all the books of the prophets, and all the Hagiographa (or holy writings), shall cease in the days of the Messiah, except the volume of Esther; and, lo, that shall be as stable as the Pentateuch, and as the constitutions of the oral law, which shall never cease.''

Though the versions of other books of Scripture might not be read in the synagogues, versions of this book might to those who did not understand Hebrew {g}; and so Luther {h} says, the Jews more esteem the book of Esther than any of the prophets. Whence Mr. Baxter {i} had that notion, I can not devise, that the Jews used to cast to the ground the book of Esther before they read it, because the name of God was not in it: nor is that any objection to its authenticity, since the hand and providence of God may be most clearly seen in it; in raising Esther to such grandeur, and that for the deliverance of the people of the Jews, and in counter working and bringing to nought the plots of their enemies, and in saving them: nor that it is not quoted in the New Testament; it is sufficient there is no disagreement between them, yea, an entire agreement, particularly in the account of the captivity of Jeconiah, which is expressed almost in the same words in Es 2:6 as in Mt 1:11,12. It stands in Origen's catalogue {k} of the books of the Old Testament; nor is it any material objection that it appears not in the catalogue of Melito {l}, since in that list is comprehended under Ezra not Nehemiah only, but Esther also, which Jerom {m} mentions along with it. This book is not only of use to the Jews, as it shows the original and foundation of a feast of theirs, still kept up by them, the feast of Purim, and makes for the glory of their nation, and therefore it is no wonder it should be so highly esteemed by them; but serves to show the singular providence of God in taking care of his people in adversity, in humbling the proud, and exalting the lowly, and saving those that pray to him, and trust in him; it furnishes out various instructions in the conduct of the several persons herein mentioned; it is a history but of ten or eleven years at most, from the third of Ahasuerus, to the twelfth of his reign, Es 1:3, 3:7.

{a} Stromat. l. 1. p. 329. {b} T. Bava Bathra, fol. 15. 1. {c} August. de Civ. Dei, l. 18. c. 36. Isidor. Origin. l. 6. c. 2. {d} Tract. Theolog. Politic. c. 10. p. 189 {e} Moreh Nevochim, par. 2. c. 45. {f} Hilchot Megillah, c. 2. sect. 18. {g} Misn. Megillah, c. 2. sect. 1. T. Bab. Megillah, fol. 18. 1. {h} Mensal. Colloqu. c. 31. p. 358. {i} The Saints Everlasting Rest, part 4. c. 3. sect. 1. {k} Apud Euseb. Eccl. Hist. l. 6. c. 25. {l} Apud ib. l. 4. c. 26. {m} Ad Domnion. & Rogat. tom. 3. fol. 7. F.

\\INTRODUCTION TO ESTHER 1\\

This chapter relates, how that Ahasuerus, a great king of Persia, made a feast, first for the grandees of his kingdom, and then for his people, as his queen did for the women, Es 1:1-9, who being sent for by him, and she refusing to come, was, by the advice of one of his counsellors, divorced from him, and an order made and published throughout his dominions, that every man should bear rule in his own house, Es 1:10-22.