Zechariah 9 Footnotes
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9:9-10 Matthew quoted Zechariah’s prophecy of a coming king when describing Jesus’s entry into Jerusalem (Mt 21:4-5; see Jn 12:14-15). Verse 9 applied to Jesus’s actions at that time, but v. 10 referred to the end of warfare against Ephraim (i.e., Israel) and Jerusalem, and peace among nations. These things did not occur before Jesus’s crucifixion, and in fact warfare against Jerusalem took place when the Jews revolted against Rome in AD 66–70. Obviously, such warfare has not ended in our time.
Like many messianic prophecies in the OT, vv. 9-10 appear to combine more than one appearance of the Messiah. That is, it did not distinguish between Christ’s first coming and triumphal entry into Jerusalem and his second coming when he will establish his kingdom on earth. Other places in Zechariah predict things that would happen to Jesus Christ either in his first coming (11:4-14) or in his second coming (14:4).