1 Corinthians 3

12. Now--rather, "But." The image is that of a building on a solid foundation, and partly composed of durable and precious, partly of perishable, materials. The "gold, silver, precious stones," which all can withstand fire ( Revelation 21:18 Revelation 21:19 ), are teachings that will stand the fiery test of judgment; "wood, hay, stubble," are those which cannot stand it; not positive heresy, for that would destroy the foundation, but teaching mixed up with human philosophy and Judaism, curious rather than useful. Besides the teachings, the superstructure represents also the persons cemented to the Church by them, the reality of whose conversion, through the teachers' instrumentality, will be tested at the last day. Where there is the least grain of real gold of faith, it shall never be lost ( 1 Peter 1:7 ; compare 1 Corinthians 4:12 ). On the other hand, the lightest straw feeds the fire [BENGEL] ( Matthew 5:19 ).

13. Every man's work--each teacher's superstructure on the foundation.
the day--of the Lord ( 1 Corinthians 1:8 , Hebrews 10:25 , 1 Thessalonians 5:4 ). The article is emphatic, "The day," that is, the great day of days, the long expected day.
declare it--old English for "make it clear" ( 1 Corinthians 4:4 ).
it shall be revealed by fire--it, that is, "every man's work." Rather, "He," the Lord, whose day it is ( 2 Thessalonians 1:7 2 Thessalonians 1:8 ). Translate literally, "is being revealed (the present in the Greek implies the certainty and nearness of the event, Revelation 22:10 Revelation 22:20 ) in fire" ( Malachi 3:3 , 4:1 ). The fire (probably figurative here, as the gold, hay, &c.). is not purgatory (as Rome teaches, that is, purificatory and punitive), but probatory, not restricted to those dying in "venial sin"; the supposed intermediate class between those entering heaven at once, and those dying in mortal sin who go to hell, but universal, testing the godly and ungodly alike ( 2 Corinthians 5:10 ; compare Mark 9:49 ). This fire is not till the last day, the supposed fire of purgatory begins at death. The fire of Paul is to try the works, the fire of purgatory the persons, of men. Paul's fire causes "loss" to the sufferers; Rome's purgatory, great gain, namely, heaven at last to those purged by it, if only it were true. Thus this passage, quoted by Rome for, is altogether against, purgatory. "It was not this doctrine that gave rise to prayers for the dead; but the practice of praying for the dead [which crept in from the affectionate but mistaken solicitude of survivors] gave rise to the doctrine" [WHATELY].

14. abide--abide the testing fire ( Matthew 3:11 Matthew 3:12 ).
which he hath built thereupon--which he built on the foundation.
reward--wages, as a builder, that is, teacher. His converts built on Christ the foundation, through his faithful teaching, shall be his "crown of rejoicing" ( 2 Corinthians 1:14 , Philippians 2:16 , 1 Thessalonians 2:19 ).

15. If . . . be burnt--if any teacher's work consist of such materials as the fire will destroy [ALFORD].
suffer loss--that is, forfeit the special "reward"; not that he shall lose salvation (which is altogether a free gift, not a "reward" or wages), for he remains still on the foundation ( 1 Corinthians 3:12 , 2 John 1:6 ).
saved; yet so as by fire--rather, "so as through fire" ( Zechariah 3:2 , Amos 4:11 , Jude 1:23 ). "Saved, yet not without fire" ( Romans 2:27 ) [BENGEL]. As a builder whose building, not the foundation, is consumed by fire, escapes, but with the loss of his work [ALFORD]; as the shipwrecked merchant, though he has lost his merchandise, is saved, though having to pass through the waves [BENGEL]; Malachi 3:1 Malachi 3:2 , 4:1 , give the key to explain the imagery. The "Lord suddenly coming to His temple" in flaming "fire," all the parts of the building which will not stand that fire will be consumed; the builders will escape with personal salvation, but with the loss of their work, through the midst of the conflagration [ALFORD]. Again, a distinction is recognized between minor and fundamental doctrines (if we regard the superstructure as representing the doctrines superadded to the elementary essentials); a man may err as to the former, and yet be saved, but not so as to the latter (compare Philippians 3:15 ).

16. Know ye not--It is no new thing I tell you, in calling you "God's building"; ye know and ought to remember, ye are the noblest kind of building, "the temple of God."
ye--all Christians form together one vast temple. The expression is not, "ye are temples," but "ye are the temple" collectively, and "lively stones" ( 1 Peter 2:5 ) individually.
God . . . Spirit--God's indwelling, and that of the Holy Spirit, are one; therefore the Holy Spirit is God. No literal "temple" is recognized by the New Testament in the Christian Church. The only one is the spiritual temple, the whole body of believing worshippers in which the Holy Spirit dwells ( 1 Corinthians 6:19 , John 4:23 John 4:24 ). The synagogue, not the temple, was the model of the Christian house of worship. The temple was the house of sacrifice, rather than of prayer. Prayers in the temple were silent and individual ( Luke 1:10 , 18:10-13 ), not joint and public, nor with reading of Scripture, as in the synagogue. The temple, as the name means (from a Greek root "to dwell"), was the earthly dwelling-place of God, where alone He put His name. The synagogue (as the name means an assembly) was the place for assembling men. God now too has His earthly temple, not one of wood and stone, but the congregation of believers, the "living stones" on the "spiritual house." Believers are all spiritual priests in it. Jesus Christ, our High Priest, has the only literal priesthood ( Malachi 1:11 , Matthew 18:20 , 1 Peter 2:5 ) [VITRINGA].

17. If any . . . defile . . . destroy--rather as the Greek verb is the same in both cases, "destroy . . . destroy." God repays in kind by a righteous retaliation. The destroyer shall himself be destroyed. As temporal death was the penalty of marring the material temple ( Leviticus 16:2 , Daniel 5:2 Daniel 5:3 Daniel 5:30 ), so eternal death is the penalty of marring the spiritual temple--the Church. The destroyers here ( 1 Corinthians 3:16 1 Corinthians 3:17 ), are distinct from the unwise or unskilful builders ( 1 Corinthians 3:12 1 Corinthians 3:15 ); the latter held fast the "foundation" ( 1 Corinthians 3:11 ), and, therefore, though they lose their work of superstructure and the special reward, yet they are themselves saved; the destroyers, on the contrary, assailed with false teaching the foundation, and so subvert the temple itself, and shall therefore be [ESTIUS and NEANDER]. I think Paul passes here from the teachers to all the members of the Church, who, by profession, are "priests unto God" ( Exodus 19:6 , 1 Peter 2:9 , Revelation 1:6 ). As the Aaronic priests were doomed to die if they violated the old temple ( Exodus 28:43 ), so any Christian who violates the sanctity of the spiritual temple, shall perish eternally ( Hebrews 12:14 , Hebrews 10:26 Hebrews 10:31 ).
holy--inviolable ( Habakkuk 2:20 ).
which temple ye are--rather, "the which (that is, holy) are ye" [ALFORD], and, therefore, want of holiness on the part of any of you (or, as ESTIUS, "to tamper with the foundation in teaching you") is a violation of the temple, which cannot be let to pass with impunity. GROTIUS supports English Version.

18. seemeth--that is, is, and is regarded by himself and others.
wise in this world--wise in mere worldly wisdom ( 1 Corinthians 1:20 ).
let him become a fool--by receiving the Gospel in its unworldly simplicity, and so becoming a fool in the world's sight [ALFORD]. Let him no longer think himself wise, but seek the true wisdom from God, bringing his understanding into captivity to the obedience of faith [ESTIUS].

19. with God--in the judgment of God.
it is written--in Job 5:13 . The formula of quoting SCRIPTURE used here, establishes the canonicity of Job.
He taketh . . . wise in . . . own craftiness--proving the "foolishness" of the world's wisdom, since it is made by God the very snare to catch those who think themselves so wise. Literally, "He who taketh . . . the whole of the sentence not being quoted, but only the part which suited Paul's purpose.

20. Quotation from Psalms 94:11 . There it is of men; here it is "of the wise." Paul by inspiration states the class of men whose "thoughts" (or rather, "reasonings," as suits the Greek and the sense of the context) the Spirit designated in the Psalm, "vanity," namely, the "proud" ( Psalms 94:2 ) and worldly-wise, whom God in Psalms 94:8 calls "fools," though they "boast themselves" of their wisdom in pushing their interests ( Psalms 94:4 ).

21. let no man glory in men--resuming the subject from 1 Corinthians 3:4 ; compare 1 Corinthians 1:12 1 Corinthians 1:31 , where the true object of glorying is stated: "He that glorieth, let him glory in THE LORD." Also 1 Corinthians 4:6 , "That no one of you be puffed up for one against another."
For all things--not only all men. For you to glory thus in men, is lowering yourselves from your high position as heirs of all things. All men (including your teachers) belong to Christ, and therefore to you, by your union with Him; He makes them and all things work together for your good ( Romans 8:28 ). Ye are not for the sake of them, but they for the sake of you ( 2 Corinthians 4:5 2 Corinthians 4:15 ). They belong to you, not you to them.

22. Enumeration of some of the "all things." The teachers, in whom they gloried, he puts first ( 1 Corinthians 1:12 ). He omits after "Cephas" or Christ (to whom exclusively some at Corinth, 1 Corinthians 1:12 , professed to belong); but, instead, substitutes "ye are Christ's" ( 1 Corinthians 3:23 ).
world . . . life . . . death . . . things present . . . things to come--Not only shall they not "separate you from the love of God in Christ" ( Romans 8:38 Romans 8:39 ), but they "all are yours," that is, are for you ( Romans 8:28 ), and belong to you, as they belong to Christ your Head ( Hebrews 1:2 ).
things present--"things actually present" [ALFORD].

23. ye are Christ's--not Paul's, or Apollos,' or Cephas' ( 1 Corinthians 11:3 Matthew 23:8-10 ). "Neither be ye called masters; for one is your Master, even Christ" ( Romans 14:8 ). Not merely a particular section of you, but ye all are Christ's ( 1 Corinthians 1:12 ).
Christ is God's--( 1 Corinthians 11:3 ). God is the ultimate end of all, even of Christ, His co-equal Son ( 1 Corinthians 15:28 , Philippians 2:6-11 ).