Deuteronômio 1

A Ordem para Partir de Horebe

1 Estas são as palavras ditas por Moisés a todo o Israel no deserto, a leste do Jordão, na Arabá, defronte de Sufe, entre Parã e Tofel, Labã, Hazerote e Di-Zaabe.

2 Em onze dias se vai de Horebe a Cades-Barneia pelo caminho dos montes de Seir.

3 No quadragésimo ano, no primeiro dia do décimo primeiro mês, Moisés proclamou aos israelitas todas as ordens do SENHOR acerca deles.

4 Isso foi depois que ele derrotou Seom, rei dos amorreus, que habitava em Hesbom, e, em Edrei, derrotou Ogue, rei de Basã, que habitava em Asterote.

5 A leste do Jordão, na terra de Moabe, Moisés tomou sobre si a responsabilidade de expor esta lei:

6 “O SENHOR, o nosso Deus, disse-nos em Horebe: ‘Vocês já ficaram bastante tempo nesta montanha.

7 Levantem acampamento e avancem para a serra dos amorreus; vão a todos os povos vizinhos na Arabá, nas montanhas, na Sefelá,^[a] no Neguebe e ao longo do litoral, à terra dos cananeus e ao Líbano, até o grande rio, o Eufrates.

8 “ ‘Ponho esta terra diante de vocês. Entrem e tomem posse da terra que o SENHOR prometeu sob juramento dar aos seus antepassados, Abraão, Isaque e Jacó, e aos seus descendentes’.

A Nomeação de Líderes

9 “Naquela ocasião eu disse a vocês: Não posso levá-los sozinho.

10 O SENHOR, o seu Deus, os fez multiplicar-se de tal modo que hoje vocês são tão numerosos quanto as estrelas do céu.

11 Que o SENHOR, o Deus dos seus antepassados, os multiplique mil vezes mais e os abençoe, conforme prometeu a vocês!

12 Mas como poderei levar sozinho as suas cargas, os seus problemas, e as suas disputas?

13 Escolham homens sábios, criteriosos e experientes de cada uma de suas tribos, e eu os colocarei como chefes de vocês.

14 “Vocês me disseram que essa era uma boa proposta.

15 “Então convoquei os chefes das tribos, homens sábios e experientes, e os designei para chefes de mil, de cem, de cinquenta e de dez, além de oficiais para cada tribo.

16 “Naquela ocasião ordenei aos seus juízes: Atendam as demandas de seus irmãos e julguem com justiça, não só as questões entre os seus compatriotas mas também entre um israelita e um estrangeiro.

17 Não sejam parciais no julgamento! Atendam tanto o pequeno como o grande. Não se deixem intimidar por ninguém, pois o veredicto pertence a Deus. Tragam-me os casos mais difíceis e eu os ouvirei.

18 Naquela ocasião eu ordenei a vocês tudo o que deveriam fazer.

A Expedição de Reconhecimento da Terra

19 “Depois, conforme o SENHOR, o nosso Deus, nos tinha ordenado, partimos de Horebe e fomos para a serra dos amorreus, passando por todo aquele imenso e terrível deserto que vocês viram, e assim chegamos a Cades-Barneia.

20 Então eu disse a vocês: Vocês chegaram à serra dos amorreus, a qual o SENHOR, o nosso Deus, nos dá.

21 Vejam, o SENHOR, o seu Deus, põe diante de vocês esta terra. Entrem na terra e tomem posse dela, conforme o SENHOR, o Deus dos seus antepassados, disse a vocês. Não tenham medo nem desanimem.

22 “Vocês todos vieram dizer-me: ‘Mandemos alguns homens à nossa frente em missão de reconhecimento da região, para que nos indiquem por qual caminho subiremos e a quais cidades iremos’.

23 “A sugestão pareceu-me boa; por isso escolhi doze de vocês, um homem de cada tribo.

24 Eles subiram a região montanhosa, chegaram ao vale de Escol e o exploraram.

25 Trouxeram alguns frutos da região, com o seguinte relato: ‘Essa terra que o SENHOR, o nosso Deus, nos dá é boa’.

A Rebelião contra o

26 “Vocês, contudo, não quiseram ir e se rebelaram contra a ordem do SENHOR, o seu Deus.

27 Queixaram-se em suas tendas, dizendo: ‘O SENHOR nos odeia; por isso nos trouxe do Egito para nos entregar nas mãos dos amorreus e destruir-nos.

28 Para onde iremos? Nossos compatriotas nos desanimaram quando disseram: “O povo é mais forte e mais alto do que nós; as cidades são grandes, com muros que vão até o céu. Vimos ali os enaquins”.’

29 “Então eu disse a vocês: Não fiquem apavorados; não tenham medo deles.

30 O SENHOR, o seu Deus, que está indo à frente de vocês, lutará por vocês, diante de seus próprios olhos, como fez no Egito.

31 Também no deserto vocês viram como o SENHOR, o seu Deus, os carregou, como um pai carrega seu filho, por todo o caminho que percorreram até chegarem a este lugar.

32 “Apesar disso, vocês não confiaram no SENHOR, o seu Deus,

33 que foi à frente de vocês, numa coluna de fogo de noite e numa nuvem de dia, procurando lugares para vocês acamparem e mostrando a vocês-lhes o caminho que deviam seguir.

O Castigo dos Israelitas

34 “Quando o SENHOR ouviu o que vocês diziam, irou-se e jurou:

35 ‘Ninguém desta geração má verá a boa terra que jurei dar aos seus antepassados,

36 exceto Calebe, filho de Jefoné. Ele a verá, e eu darei a ele e a seus descendentes a terra em que pisou, pois seguiu o SENHOR de todo o coração’.

37 “Por causa de vocês o SENHOR irou-se contra mim e me disse: ‘Você também não entrará na terra.

38 Mas o seu auxiliar, Josué, filho de Num, entrará. Encoraje-o, pois ele fará com que Israel tome posse dela.

39 E as crianças que vocês disseram que seriam levadas como despojo, os seus filhos que ainda não distinguem entre o bem e o mal, eles entrarão na terra. Eu a darei a eles, e eles tomarão posse dela.

40 Mas quanto a vocês, deem meia-volta e partam para o deserto pelo caminho do mar Vermelho’.

41 “Então vocês responderam: ‘Pecamos contra o SENHOR. Nós subiremos e lutaremos, conforme tudo o que o SENHOR, o nosso Deus, nos ordenou’. Cada um de vocês preparou-se com as suas armas de guerra, achando que seria fácil subir a região montanhosa.

42 “Mas o SENHOR me disse: ‘Diga-lhes que não subam nem lutem, porque não estarei com eles. Serão derrotados pelos seus inimigos’.

43 “Eu disse isso a vocês, mas vocês não me deram ouvidos, rebelaram-se contra o SENHOR e, com presunção, subiram a região montanhosa.

44 Os amorreus que lá viviam os atacaram, os perseguiram como um enxame de abelhas e os arrasaram desde Seir até Hormá.

45 Vocês voltaram e choraram perante o SENHOR, mas ele não ouviu o seu clamor nem deu atenção a vocês.

46 Então vocês ficaram em Cades, onde permaneceram muito tempo.

Deuteronômio 1 Commentary

Chapter 1

This book repeats much of the history and of the laws contained in the three foregoing books: Moses delivered it to Israel a little before his death, both by word of mouth, that it might affect, and by writing, that it might abide. The men of that generation to which the law was first given were all dead, and a new generation was sprung up, to whom God would have it repeated by Moses himself, now they were going to possess the land of Canaan. The wonderful love of God to his church is set forth in this book; how he ever preserved his church for his own mercies sake, and would still have his name called upon among them. Such are the general outlines of this book, the whole of which shows Moses' love for Israel, and marks him an eminent type of the Lord Jesus Christ. Let us apply the exhortations and persuasions to our own consciences, to excite our minds to a believing, grateful obedience to the commands of God.

The words Moses spake to Israel in the plains of Moab, The promise of Canaan. (1-8) Judges provided for the people. (9-18) Of the sending the spies-God's anger for their unbelief and disobedience. (19-46)

Verses 1-8 Moses spake to the people all the Lord had given him in commandment. Horeb was but eleven days distant from Kadesh-barnea. This was to remind them that their own bad conduct had occasioned their tedious wanderings; that they might the more readily understand the advantages of obedience. They must now go forward. Though God brings his people into trouble and affliction, he knows when they have been tried long enough. When God commands us to go forward in our Christian course, he sets the heavenly Canaan before us for our encouragement.

Verses 9-18 Moses reminds the people of the happy constitution of their government, which might make them all safe and easy, if it was not their own fault. He owns the fulfilment of God's promise to Abraham, and prays for the further accomplishment of it. We are not straitened in the power and goodness of God; why should we be straitened in our own faith and hope? Good laws were given to the Israelites, and good men were to see to the execution of them, which showed God's goodness to them, and the care of Moses.

Verses 19-46 Moses reminds the Israelites of their march from Horeb to Kadesh-barnea, through that great and terrible wilderness. He shows how near they were to a happy settlement in Canaan. It will aggravate the eternal ruin of hypocrites, that they were not far from the kingdom of God. As if it were not enough that they were sure of their God before them, they would send men before them. Never any looked into the Holy Land, but they must own it to be a good land. And was there any cause to distrust this God? An unbelieving heart was at the bottom of all this. All disobedience to God's laws, and distrust of his power and goodness, flow from disbelief of his word, as all true obedience springs from faith. It is profitable for us to divide our past lives into distinct periods; to give thanks to God for the mercies we have received in each, to confess and seek the forgiveness of all the sins we can remember; and thus to renew our acceptance of God's salvation, and our surrender of ourselves to his service. Our own plans seldom avail to good purpose; while courage in the exercise of faith, and in the path of duty, enables the believer to follow the Lord fully, to disregard all that opposes, to triumph over all opposition, and to take firm hold upon the promised blessings.

Footnotes

• [a]. Pequena faixa de terra de relevo variável entre a planície costeira e as montanhas.

Chapter Summary

INTRODUCTION TO DEUTERONOMY

This book is sometimes called "Elleh hadebarim", from the words with which it begins; and sometimes by the Jews "Mishneh Torah", the repetition of the law; and so in the Syriac version, with which agrees the Arabic title of it; and when the Greeks, and we after them, call it "Deuteronomy", it is not to be understood of a second, a new, or another law, but of the law formerly delivered, but now repeated, and also more largely explained; to which are likewise added several particular laws, instructions, and directions; all which were necessary, on account of the people of Israel, who were now a new generation, that either were not born, or not at an age to hear and understand the law when given on Mount Sinai; the men that heard it there being all dead, excepting a very few; and these people were also now about to enter into the land of Canaan, which they were to enjoy as long as they kept the law of God, and no longer, and therefore it was proper they should be reminded of it; and besides, Moses was now about to leave them, and having an hearty desire after their welfare, spends the little time he had to be with them, by inculcating into them and impressing on them the laws of God, and in opening and explaining them to them, and enforcing them on them, which were to be the rule of their obedience, and on which their civil happiness depended. And sometimes the Jews call this book "the book of reproofs", because there are in it several sharp reproofs of the people of Israel for their rebellion and disobedience; and so the Targums of Jonathan and Jerusalem begin it by calling it the words of reproof which Moses spake That this book was written by Moses there can be no doubt, from De 1:1, 31:4,9,24, only the eight last verses, which give an account of his death, and of his character, were wrote by another hand, equally inspired by God, as either Eleazar the priest, as some, or Samuel the prophet, as others; or, as it is the more commonly received opinion of the Jews, Ezra; though it is highly probable they were wrote by Joshua his successor. This book was written and delivered by Moses, at certain times in the last month of his life, and towards the close of the fortieth year of the children of Israel's coming out of Egypt. And that it is of divine authority need not be questioned, when the several quotations out of it are observed, as made by the apostles of Christ, in Ac 3:22, Ro 12:19 Heb 10:30, Ga 3:10 out of \De 18:15 32:35,36 27:26\ and by our Lord himself, Mt 18:16 from De 19:15. Yea, it is remarkable, that all the passages of Scripture produced by Christ, to repel the temptations of Satan, are all taken out of this book, Mt 4:7,10 compared with De 8:3, 6:10,13, and the voice from heaven, directing the apostles to hearken to him, refers to a prophecy of him in De 18:15.

\\INTRODUCTION TO DEUTERONOMY 1\\

The time and place when the subject matter of this book was delivered to the Israelites are observed by way of preface, De 1:1-5, and it begins with reminding them of an order to them to depart from Mount Horeb, and pass on to the land of Canaan, which the Lord had given them, De 1:6-8, and with observing the very great increase of their number, which made it necessary for Moses to appoint persons under him to be rulers over them, whom he instructed in the duty of their office, De 1:9-18, and he goes on to observe, that when they were come to the mountain of the Amorites, they were bid to go up and possess the land; but, instead of that, they desired men might be sent to search the land first, which was granted, De 1:19-23, and though these men upon their return brought of the fruits of the land, and a good report of it, particularly two of them; yet being discouraged by the report of the rest, they murmured, distrusted, and were afraid to enter, though encouraged by Moses, De 1:24-33, which caused the Lord to be angry with them, and upon it threatened them that they should die in the wilderness, and only two of them should ever see and enjoy the land, and therefore were bid to turn and take their journey in the wilderness, De 1:34-40, but being convinced of their evil, they proposed to go up the hill, and enter the land, which they attempted against the commandment of the Lord, but being repulsed by the Amorites, they fled with great loss, to their great grief, and abode in Kadesh many days, De 1:41-46.